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Tue ArcHirects’ JouRNAL‘ for May 25, 1944 [ii 


JAS.WILLIAMSON 


SON, LTD. 
LANCASTER 


pleasure 1m aANNnNOUN cing 


their centena ry 


MANUFACTURERS OF 


LINOLEUM 


TABLE OILCLOTH 
LEATHERCLOTH 
LANCASTER BLINDCLOTH 


1944 


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iv) THe Arcuitects’ JouRNAL for May 25, 1944 


Alphabetical Index to Advertisers 


PAGE 
Abbey National Building Society .... XXxiii Myers, & Som, Ltd. XXxi\ 
Etchells, Congdon & Muir, Ltd. ..... ——— Newsum, H., Sons & Co., Ltd....... 
vi Expandite Products, Ltd. .......... Northampton Building Society ...... XXX 
Allied Ironfounders, Ltd. .......... xv Franki Compressed Pile Co., Ltd. .. ——— North Wales Slate Quarries Assoc —— 
Aluminium Union, Ltd............. xx Freeman, Joseph, Son & Co., Ltd. ... ——— Oliver, Wm., & Sons, Ltd. ........ XXXii 
Anderson, C. F., & Son, Ltd. ...... General Electric Co., Ltd........... Peglers, Ltd... . vi 
Architectural Press, Ltd. .......... XXXiV Gillett & Johnston, Ltd. .......... oe P.I.M. Board Co., Ltd. ........ as iv 
Good Housekeeping Institute, The .. xii Positive Flow Ventilators, Ltd. XXXiii 
merry 6 Lid. Gray, J. W., & Bom, Lod. XXXiV Pressed Steel Ltd., The .. Vii 
Booth, John & Sons (Bolton), Ltd. ... ——— Marris & Sheldon, Lid, XXXi Pyrotenax, xiv 
Rwaby, Fredk., & Co., Ltd. ........ XX Harvey, G. A., & Co. Ltd... ——— ——- 
Braithwaite & Co., Engineers, Ltd... ——— Hayward-Tyler & Co., Ltd. Xxiv Red Cross & St. John War Organisa- 
Briggs, Wm., & Sons, Ltd. ........ Helliwell & Co.,Ltd. XXXV Xxix 
British Artid Plastics, Ltd........... XXxXiil Henleys Telegraph Works Co., Ltd... ——— Reinforced Concrete Association .... ——-— 
British Commercial Gas Assoc. .... Viii Reynolds Tube Co., Ltd., & Reynolds 
‘i British Steelwork Association........ ——— Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. xvii Rownson, Drew & Clydesdale, Ltd... XXXV 
Broadcast Relay Service, Ltd. ...... ——— International Correspondence Schools Rustproof Metal Window Co., Ltd... ——— 
Brown, Donald (Brownall), Ltd. ..... ——— XXXiV Sankey, J. H. & Son, Ltd........... Viii 
Burgess Products Co., Ltd. ........ ii Interoven Stove Co., Ltd. .......... 
Invisible Panel Warming Assoc. ..... ——— Scaffolding (Gt. Britain), Ltd. ...... XXVi 
Cement Marketing Co., Ltd......... xiii ii Sealocrete Products, Ltd. .......... xvi 
Chloride Electrical Storage Co., Ltd.. XXX Ketton Portland Cement Co., Ltd. .. XXXV Sharp Bros. & Knight, Ltd. ........ XXXiV 
Clarke & Vigilant Sprinklers Ltd.... XXxii Lancashire Dynamo & Crypto, Ltd. . XXXil Smith & Rodger, Ltd. ...........- XXXV 
Colthurst Symons & Co., Ltd. ...... -_— Langton, Wilfrid, Ltd. ............ se Spiral Tube & Components Co., Ltd. ii 
Copper Development Assoc. ........ xvi Lead Industries Development Council ii GE 
Crittall Manufacturing Co., Ltd. .... XXiX Lillington, George, & Co., Ltd. . mane Standard Range & Foundry Co., Ltd. xi 
: Crittall, Richd., & Co., Ltd......... -_-—— Limmer & Trinidad Lake Asphalte Stelcon (Industrial Floors), Ltd. ... x 
Eagle Range & Grate Co........... xviii McCall & Company (Sheffield), Ltd.. Trussed Concrete Steel Ltd... xxiii 
Edgar, Wm., & Son, Ltd. ........ ix Walker, Crosweller & Co., Ltd. 
‘ OS ee xiv Mills Scaffold Co., Ltd ...........+. XXXVi Williamson, Jas., & Son, Ltd. ...... ili 
Ellison, George, Ltd. XXXii Gate XXViii Wrought Light Alloy Development 
English Joinery Manufacturers "Assoc. ——— Modern Telephone Co., Ltd. ...... v 


For Appointments (Wanted or Vacant), Competitions Open, Drawings, Tracings, etc., Educational 
Legal Notices, Miscellaneous, Property and Land Sales—see pages xxxii and xxxiv. 


ED CAMP! SN ERS 


Since Pimco first introduced the fibre panelling 
board over 45 years ago their leadership in 
the Industry has remained unchallenged. In use 
during the South African War, the Great War 
and now in this war, Pimco Building Boards 
may well claim to be seasoned campaigners. 
To-day, SUNDEALA and INSULWOOD are 
two scientifically waterproofed boards accorded 
first choice for many important priority contracts 
for Service and Industrial needs. 


Kk To-day supplies are 
imited. But if your 
work is of essential 
priority, licence appli- 

cation can’ be made to 
the Paper Controller. 

Full details on request. 


BUILDING BOARDS fer EXTERIOR INTERIOR USE 


P.I.M BOARD CO. LTD. SUNBURY-ON-THAMES. 


Established 1898. Tel: ‘Senbaass on-Thames 341/3. 


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1807 


_ Two years after 


Trafalgar—nearly one hun- 


dred and forty years ago— 
aluminium was discovered 
by Sir Humphry Davy. 
Although subsequently he 
attempted to isolate this 
new and remarkable metal, 
it was. left to another to 


achieve this triumph 


eighteen years later. 

Davy could have had 
little idea that the metal 
was to prove such a boon 
to mankind. Even now, 
we are only beginning to 
appreciate the wonders of 


the new world that alu- 


minium will make possible. 
The authoritative advice 
that is available to all who 
contemplate using the 
aluminium alloys in post- 
war schemes is, therefore, 
of immeasurable vaiue. 


UNION CHAMBERS 
63 TEMPLE ROW 
BIRMINGHAM 2 


WROUGHT 


LIGHT 


RAN 


ALLOYS 


DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION 


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Tue Arcnitects’ JouRNAL for May 25, 1944 [v 
2 


BATTLE DRESS 


Many of the Peglers’ fittings, renowned in peace-time for 
their beautiful finish, have been stripped for action to meet 
war-time regulations. Such things as plated finishes are for- 
bidden; capstan heads must now be in non-metallic materials 
such as plastics; sizes of such parts as pillar cock noses 
and tails, waste flanges and tails must not exceed specified 
dimensions. 

Here, for instance, is a picture of one of our, what we like 
to call, austerity taps. Like the peace-time mannequin who 
is now manhandling a lathe, these taps are shorn of refine- 
ments ; but what is left is good through and through. 


We mention this because we still get many enquiries from 
customers for fittings made to peace-time standards. 


BELMONT WORKS, DONCASTER 


and 58 SOUTHWARK STREET, LONDON, S.E.!. 


vi] THe Arcuirects’ JouRNAL for May 25, 1944 : 
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Tue ARCHITECTS’ JOURNAL for May 25, 1944 


but a large refrigerator! 


A 


In a happier, healthier, post-war Britain every house- 
wife will be “cold-store-minded” and it is to be 
hoped that even the most modest home will possess 
a refrigerator to safeguard the precious vitamins, etc., 
in perishable foods. 

Prestcold designers suggest in the illustration above 
a built-in refrigerator which can be mass-produced at 
a popular price. It would be of 4} cubic feet capacity 
and hold sufficient perishable food for a family of 


four, a practical size which renders a_ larder 


unnecessary. 
Note the features below :— 


Storage capacity of approximately 
44 cubic feet, which will hold all 
the perishable foodstuffs for a family 
of four. 


Larder space rendered unnecessary. 
Dry goods and non-perishable food- 
stuffs would be kept in kitchen 
cupboards. 


Waist - high refrigerator door, 
allowing access to interior without 


stooping. 


It has several other- major advantages. 


Height. adaptable by varying 
position of supporting frames. 


Refrigerator can be built into 
kitchen fitments with cupboard 
space above and below it. 


Design provides for adequate’ 
ventilation of mechanism without 
the necessity for special air-bricks 
or ducting. 


PRESTCOLD 


A PRODUCT OF THE PRESSED STEEL COMPANY 


LIMITED 


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viii} ‘THe ARCHITECTS’ JOURNAL for May 25, 1944 


Even in the bad old days someone 
was fighting household drudgery. In 
fact this 1844 kitchen by Soyer might 
well pass for a 1944 model... if it 
weren’t for the roasting fire place ! 
But to-day kitchen planning cannot 
be ‘eft to individual inspiration, 
however brilliant. It is fast becoming 
a subject of national concern . . . one 
of those vital aspects of post-war 
planning. Many Research Come 
mittees have already been formed 
in Britain, among them the Domestic 
Heat Services Committee, set up by 
the Gas Industry to kill the tradition 
of the bad old days from which 
thousands of housewives still suffer, 
even to-day. This Committee, assisted 
by a well-known woman architect, is 
already busy, both here and in 
America, on such subjects as working 
movements in the kitchen, ventilation, 
mechanical washing and clothes dry- 
ing, refrigeration and the different 
demands of town and country life, 
flat and house dwellers. 

Special attention is being given to 
the needs of the lower income groups, 
and bearing in mind the successful 
work at Kensal House, great emphasis 
will be laid on the fullest integration 
ol engineering services and equipment 
within the structure of the new 
homes, so that complete architect- 
designed houses may replace piece- 
meal ‘ odd jobbery’ and haphazard 
jerry-building. 


7HE TWENTIETH CENTURY ARCHITECT 
APPRECIATES THE VALUE OF GAS 


BRITISH COMMERCIAL GAS ASSOCIATION, 
1; GROSVENOR PLACE, SW1 


Telephone : 
HOLborn 6949 (14 lines). 


The Test 


When Sankey’s 
Cranham Blocks are 
chosen for new par- 
titions in important 
old buildings, the 
choice is no hap- 
hazard one: but be- 
cause of their 
sterling qualities of 
fire and damp resis- 
tance; heat and 
sound ‘insulation ; 
and the special key 
for plastering. In 
addition, their great 
mechanical strength 
ensures that they 
will stand ‘‘ the test 
of time ;’’ and being 
light in weight, 
will impose no 


undue strain upon 
the foundations. 


Please send ld. stamp 


— 


CRANHAM 
BLOCRS 


J.H. SANKEY & SON, LT? 


ESTABLISHED 1857. 


22 ALDWYCH HOUSE, ALDWYCH, LONDON, 


W.C.2 
Telegrams : 
Brickwork, Estrand, London. 


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Tue ArcHiTEcTs’ JouRNAL for May 25, 1944 


LARGE-SCALE APPARATUS FOR THE COOKING AND SERVING OF FOOD 


View of part of the Principal Kitchen 


in a large Canteen, featuring an 


Installation of Boiling Pans 


The Complete Kitchen planned and equipped by 


; | R. & A. MAIN LIMITED | LONDON AND FALKIRK 


[ix 
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. . . Feet and Wheels. 
day out. Wearing . . . wearing. . 


Wheels and Feet, backwards and forwards, day in and 


. wearing... 
Worn floors are not only costly, they are also dangerous. You can make 
your factory safer and more efficient and also save considerable sums of money 


by laying... 


of Britain’s*Best Floors for Factories.’’ 


FULL DETAILS WILL BE SENT ON REQUEST 
STELCON (INDUSTRIAL FLOORS) LTD., CLIFFORD’S INN, LONDON, E.C.4 


Telephone : HOLborn 2916 


| x] Tse Arcurrects’ JourNAL for May 25, 1944 
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Tue Arcuirects’ JourNnAL for May 25, 1944 [xi 


Sanitaryware - Bathroom Re isites - Stoves - Fireplaces 
nd Builders’ Ironmongery 


Boilers - Architectural 


ATFO 


ESTAS 


dial invitet is extended to all Architects interested in seeing the wide range of products displayed 
atiord Showrooms. Quotations gladly submitted whether for estimating or contractual purposes. 


STANDARD RANGE & FOUNDRY CO WATFORD. HERTS. TELEPHONE WATFORD 2261 (6 lines) TELEGRAMS. STANDARD. WATFORD. 


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xii] THe Arcuitects’ JourNAL for May 25, 1944 


improvement 


in the breed 


Improvement in the breed of household equip- 
ment—that is the one main aim of the Good 
Housekeeping Institute. 


The achievement of this object resolves itself 
into two phases—assisting manufacturers with 
research and testing out their new ideas and 
productions; and keeping architects, planners 
and housewives informed on the latest improve- 


ments as, and when, the Institute investigates 
them. 


Naturally, the Institute does not claim to know 
of everything that is new, nor does it say that it 
has tested every new piece of domestic equip- 
ment. Therefore, of course, it cannot provide 
the ready or complete answer to every question 
it is asked. That would be beyond the limita- 
tions of human frailty. 


Nevertheless, it has a very sound experience 
over a very wide range of subjects and is 
always willing to help and advise. 


The Good Housekeeping 
institute 


30, GROSVENOR GARDENS - LONDON .- S.W.1 + SLOane 4591 


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=f “FERROCRETE” TIME-TABLE 


BY USING 


u 


THE RAPID-HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT 


In 3 to 4 days concrete made with “Ferrocrete”’ 
attains the same strength as concrete made with 
ordinary Portland cement in 28 days, thus saving 
considerable time and therefore money in shuttering 
and overhead charges. 


THE CEMENT MARKETING COMPANY LTD. 


THE CLUB HOUSE + COOMBE HILL - KINGSTON-ON-THAMES 


Tue ArcHiTects’ JourRNAL for May 25, 1944 [xiii a 

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xiv) THe ARCHITECTS’ JOURNAL for May 25, 1944 


VJ) 
Yy 


of 


SOLID COPPER CORES 


Y SEAMLESS COPPER 


FOR REPLACEMENT 
WHERE ORDINARY 
PAVING FAILS... 


Available without licence 


Tough enough 
to withstand extremely 
rough usage—yet 
flexible enough to be 
bent to any shape. 


inorganic in substance, Pyrotenax cables 
are inherently fire-resistant and need no conduits. 
Consequently they are both easy and economical to instal, 
since any form of clip, saddle or clamping device will 
hold them in position. Immune to damage from oil, water, 
condensation or accidental overload, these non-ageing 
metal-mineral cables are practically indestructible and 
everlasting. 


Pyrotenax cables conform to all recognised requirements 
and are readily adaptable to all standard electrical fittings. 
Before leaving the factory they are tested to withstand 


many times their designed voltage. Further information | = sa 
on request. Queries on specific points particularly invited. ah 
Pronounced PYRO-TEE-NAX e ° 
Xp ROT ENAX pecialists in the 
MINERAL INSULATED - COPPER COVERED Q U | K R E N E W A L 


OF ALL TYPES OF 
_... ables FACTORY FLOORING 


Flats, Hotels, Picture Galleries, Supplied with single 
Cathedrals and Churches, Theatres, or multiple cores ina 
Skating Rinks, Turkish Baths, wide range of current 
Electrical Generating Stations, ‘atings. 


CO. DURHAM ° E J E LGOO LT D. 
SPECIALISTS INSULCRETE WORKS, LONDON.S.E.8 


Telephone: Hebburn 32244/5 U3! OND 
London Office: 7, VICTORIA ST., LONDON, S.W.|  Tel.: ABBey 1654 TELEPHONE. BERMONDSEY 1/94 
5 G.D.I 


ES 


Zz 


SPECIFICATION: ‘This is a self-contained interior 
grate, with double casing, which gives warmth on the con- 
vection principle. By carefully arranged air inlets in the 
sides and top of the unit, the heat from the fire is pro- 
jected over the whole area of the room. The path of this 
heated air is indicated by dotted lines in the accompanying 
diagrams. 


/ 


FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION 


4 


Outer Back inner Back 


Hot Air Cavity 


SIZES : Overall sizes: 254” high x 184” wide x 12” fire. 
. Minimum size of existing fire opening 
required : 22” high x 16” wide. 
Clearance from underside of projecting 
lintel (if any) over fire opening to level of 
hearth must be at least 26”. 


FINISHES : Ebony black or coloured vitreous enamel, 
or “* Alisheen ’’ de Luxe enamel. 


ADVANTAGES : The unit can be fitted to most existing SECTIONAL PLAN AA. 
fireplaces. It gives more heat per unit of with bottom grate & fret removeo 
fuel, and cuts down fuel consumption by 
approximately 40% over the ordinary 
coal fire. 


ONE OF THE MANY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE POST-WAR HOME THAT WILL BE MADE BY 


ALLIED IRONFOUNDERS LIMITED 


Proprietors of: AGA HEAT LIMITED; ALLIED IRON (R.W.) LTD,; BRITISH BATH (0, LTD.; THE BURTON FOUNDRY ©O, LTD.; CALLENDER AxsOTS 
FOUNDRY COS. LTD.; THE JAMES CLAY (WELLINGTON) LTD:; THE COALBROOKDALE CO. LTD,; M. COCKBURN & CO. LTD.; R. W. CROSTHWAITE LTD. ; 
DOBBIE, FORBES & CO. LTD.; EXCELSIOR FOUNDRY CO.; THE FALKIRK IRON CO. LTD.; THE FORTH & CLYDE & SUNNYSIDE JRON COS, LTD. ; 


GENERAL GAS APPLIANCES LTD.; F. HELM LTD.;* H. E. HOOLE & CO, LTD.; McDOWALL STEVEN & CO, LTD.; PLANET FOUNDRY CO. LTD.: 
ALLIED IRON : 


SINCLAIR IRON CO. LTD.; THE WELWYN FOUNDRY CO. LTD. 


REGD. TRADE MARK KETLEY * WELLINGTON * SHROPSHIRE 


Tue ARCHITECTS’ JOURNAL for May 25, 1944 [xv 
-NEW-FASHIONED VISIBLE HEAT | 
| EXAMPLE | A.l “PROJECTOR” HEATING UNIT : 
| 
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xvi] THe Arcurrects’ JouRNAL for May 25, 1944 


WATERPROOF DUST;PROOF 


and also for case-hardening, dustproofing and oilproofing industrial concrete floors. Used by the 
Admiralty, M.A.P., War Office, Ministry of Works, and leading Government Contractors 


SPECIALISTS IN COLOURED CONCRETE 
FLOORS FOR CANTEENS, KITCHENS, ETC. 


SEALOCRETE DEGREASING CRYSTALS FOR CLEANING OILY & GREASE- 
BOUND CONCRETE FLOORS—DEGREASING METAL PARTS & FITTINGS, ETC. 


‘ USED ALL OVER THE WORLD 


Full particulars will be sent on request to 


WOR 


one: RiVerside 


BUILD A BETTER 
BRITAIN using 


Copper i is the most versatile metal 3 | 


used in building and for many pur- A 

poses it is the ideal material. When a LJ This illustration” a 
hostilities cease there will be adequate shows ™ 

supplies of copper available to benefit 

those who have been wise enough to 2|— af 
plan to use it to the utmost. = a 

If technical advice or assistance is = 

required, the services of the Copper le a 
Development Association are available, : 

free of charge. 


COPPER DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION 


A non-trading organizati intained by the 
British Copper Industry, to information 
and advice, free, to all users of Copper. 


Grand Buildings, Trafalgar Sq., London W.C.2 
and 9 Bilton Road, Rugby. 


C23 London Telephone : Abbey 2677 1900 1914 


TONS 


1939 TODAY 


OPPER 


AY 


Tue Arcuirects’ JouRNAL for May 25, 1944 [xvii 


HE energy and ingenuity that have been lavished on the crafts of war will serve as a 
splendid foundation for the crafts of peace. New materials have been evolved and old 
materials have found new uses. Plastics for example have been greatly developed since 
1939 and used successfully in so many directions, itis safe to say that post-war design 
and construction of motor coaches and buses will be influenced by them. Plastic windows 
shaped to conform with general stream-lining of vehicles is an interesting 
possibility .of the future. Others which suggest themselves are plastics 
for panelling, lighting fittings and switches; rack brackets; handles; 
instrument panels and cable insulation. I.C.I. make many types of plastic 


material and will be pleased to supply particulars of them on request. 


IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES LIMITED, LONDON, $.W.1. 


P.143 


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xviii} THE ARCHITECTS’ JoURNAL for May 25, 1944 


; N. interruption to the 
work within the factory. 
Our Resident Technical 
Representative will 
survey your roofs and estimates will be 
submitted without charge or obligation. 
Work will be undertaken by our local 
skilled staff. We have specialised in this 
service for 30 years. Write or telephone 


now for an appointment. 


MASTICON 
ROOF 
SERVICE 


Head Offices: Industrial Engineering Ltd. 


Commonwealth House, London, W.C.1. 
Telephone : Chancery 5171-2. 


THE CONSTANT FLAME... 


The constant flame, never allowed 
to die, symbolises undying service. 


A practical application of the 
principle of continuous burning 
in Eagle ranges means that service 
is always available, that cooking . 
can commence without the fuss 
of lighting the fire each day and 
the irritation of waiting for it to 
burn up. 


An early, unflurried start to the 
domestic day and the ability to 
meet unexpected demands are 
benefits that the housewife will 
fully appreciate. 


oo. not yet, but very soon 


They will bea product of 


Radiation zed. 
made by 


EAGLE RANGE AND GRATE CO. LTD.,ASTON, BIRMINGHAM 
LONDON SHOWROOMS 7, STRATFORD PLACE, W.! 


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THE ARCHITECTs’ JOURNAL for 


PREFABRICATION 


and 


BRICK 


The following comments are from the speech of Sir P. Malcolm Stewart, 
Chairman of London Brick Company Litd., at the forty -fourth annual 
general meeting of the company. 


Prefabrication has received much 
publicity. The Minister of Works, Lord 
Portal, has accepted this method of 
construction to meet an emergency in a 
transitional period. There has been 
some concern among those interested in 
the supply of inaterials for the con- 
struction of traditiona: housing lest the 
prefabricated house should displace the 
standard type of house we are accus- 
tomed to, or, at any rate, reduce the 
demand for such houses. 

If the problem is looked at in the 
right light it should be realised that the 
Government’s decision to embark on 
prefabricated housing is not inspired by 
any question of choice of type, but is 
due to the determination to provide as 
quickly as possible accommodation of 
a temporary character for those young 
people returning from the war and 
others dispossessed of their homes by 
blitz. In a word, the effort is to provide 
homes ready for occupation at the 
earliest moment and on the largest 
scale practicable. If the matter is thus 
envisaged it is clear that all concerned 
should place first this national need in 
an emergency. 

You are doubtless forming the ques- 
tion in your mind, how will the priority 
and prestige given to prefabricated 
building under the egis of the Govern- 
ment affect the manufacturers of 
building materials, particularly our 
company, as the largest brick makers 
in the world. The degree of detriment 
to the manufacturer of building 
materials will, in my opinion, depend 
considerably on the reaction of the 
professional services, the building 
operatives, the manufacturers of 
materials and particularly the numerous 
smaller building contractors. 

We have to face a new competitor 
entering the field offering speed of 


assembly and possibly lower first costs, 
but whose production, however de- 
signed to please the eye and con- 
veniently fitted up, will lack certain 
fundamental requirements and ameni- 
ties. The prefabricated house gets a 
wonderful start while the traditional 
house gets away later from scratch. 
How can it win the race? By con- 
firming to owners or tenants that brick 
houses are more comfortable and 
pleasant to live in. It is no good 
decrying prefabricated structures, it is 
up to us to produce progressively some- 
thing better and get it accepted as such 
by the householder. I am not afraid of 
the issue, there are several helpful 
factors in our favour apart from the 
pleasing results which can be produced 
by building in brick when an ex- 
perienced architect is employed. 

The public like a brick house; it 
gives a sense of permanent security and 
of solidity not to be obtained from 
any temporary structure. Bricks have 
established themselves for domestic 
construction and have stood the test of 
thousands of years. They will survive 
competition so long as they are best 
fitted to the purpose to which they are put. 

While prefabricated buildings could 
be low in cost. if mass produced, it 
must be remembered that they are not 
intended to be of a durable character. 
Their cost has yet to be proven in this 
country and comparison should be 
made with the results obtained by 
those contractors who have operated 
on a large scale. It must be remem- 
bered that though they have built 
thousands of brick houses these total 
but a small part of the aggregate 
number built between the war periods. 

There is going to be after the war 
much competition from a big range of 
materials, old and new. Many will fall 


by the way, as they «id after the last 
war, despite their being much boosted. 

The most pressing need is to reduce 
the cost of the traditional house. This 
must be accomplished to the maximum 
degree to make possible the granting 
by Government of reasonable subsidies, 
the finding of sound finance and the 
establishing of fair purchase price or 
rent. The most effective method of 
reducing the cost is to tackle first the 
heaviest items. Everyone who has had 
experience of house building will know 
that while the walls can be run up and 
the roof placed quickly, there is an 
interminable delay in fitting up and 
decorating before occupation can be 
enjoyed. A variety of tradesmen have 
to fiddle about with fittings which never 
fit and much time is wasted and costs 
increased. This is the common ex- 
perience. I do not say this applies to 
those large scale contractors who have 
practised standardisation. 

Now, to overcome these difficulties it 
will be essential to apply prefabrication 
in respect of fittings to the greatest 
extent possible. Fittings can be much 
reduced in cost if mass produced and 
assembled on panels at the factory 
ready for delivery to and erection on 
site. But those who manufacture them 
must be assured in advance of bulk 
orders to permit of full and continuous 
production, always essential to low 
costs. Further, an adequate number of 
houses must be contracted for at a time 
by local or other authorities or parties. 
Eastly, and this is a pre-requisite, the 
batches of houses to be built must be 
strictly dimensioned in respect of every 
part designed to receive the prefabri- 
cated fitments. Here lies opportunity for 
reducing the cost and building-time of 
traditional housing and of retaining all 
the comforts to which we are accustomed. 


LONDON BRICK COMPANY LIMITED 
STEWARTBY, BEDFORD, BEDS. 


FIRMINGHAM OFFICE : PRUDENTIAL BUILDINGS, ST. PHILIP’S PLACE, BIRMINGHAM, 3. 
BRISTOL DEPOT : ASHLEY HILL GOODS DEPOT (G.W.R.) ASHLEY HILL. 


Telephone : KEMPSTON 313! 


Phone : COLMORE 4/4! 
Phone : BRISTOL 46574 


May 25, 1944 [xix 


—— 
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— 2 KS 
W.I 
2 


model: somebody planned its 


RESEARCH GUIDES PRODUCTION 


Somebody thought of it: somebody tested it: somebody made the experimental 


that he was up against another new. weapon—made possible because research 
guides production in the uses of aluminium and its alloys. 


ALUMINIUM UNION LIMITED 
GROSVENOR HOUSE, PARK LANE, LONDON, W.1 


production: and in the end the enemy realised 


BRABY 


COPPER AND 
ZINC ROOFING 


Copper makes an excellent material 
for covering roofs. It may be laid 
on boarding or concrete direct. It 
is light, very ductile, offers great 
resistance to fire and is very little 
affected by changes in temperature. 


We are specialists in all 
styles of PLAIN & ORNA- 
MENTAL ZINC and 
COPPER WORK suitable 
for coverings for DOMES, 
TOWERS, TURRETS, etc. 


BRABY 


co. LTD. AINTREE LIVERPOOL 


TELEPHONE: WALTON 1491 (Private Branch Exchange) 


TELEGRAMS: “BRABY, PHONE, LIVERPOOL” 


fy 


xx] THe ARcHITEcTs’ JouRNAL for May 25, 1944 
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The “recessing” of vitally essential Fire Fighting Equipment so 
that whilst it is correctly located and instantly available it is 
nevertheless unobtrusive and out of the way, is an increasing 
feature of modern architecture. 


Copies of Information Sheet No. 105 giving dimensional details 
of equipment and recesses are available to the profession. 


THE | PYRENE COMPANY LIMITED, Fire Engineer: 
: GREAT WEST ROAD, BRENTFORD, MIDDLESEX 


Tue Arcurrects’ JouRNAL for May 25, 1944 [xxi 2 
NY 
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xxii] THe ARcHITECTs’ JouRNAL for May 25, 1944 


For the post-war house 


Acs The M.15 Electrolux Refrigerator can be built 


| into a kitchen fitment at any height, and will hold 
| 
all the perishable food of the average small family. 


It can be seen at The Building Centre, London, and 
in many experimental post-war houses and kitchens. Write 


for our *“‘Better Kitchens” leaflet. 


Is noiseless and without moving parts. 


ELECTROLUX LIMITED 


Works: LUTON,BEDFORDSHIRE = LUTON 4020 


Stoneham & Kir 


Se! | 
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THE ARCHITECTS’ JOURNAL for May 25, 1944 [xxiii 


< 


ilding 


6 Collingham Gardens, Earls Court, London, S.W.5 


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ispensa 
Building 
Material 
© SAVES TIME 


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GIVES THE PERFECT ‘KEY’ 


INED CENTERING fess 
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a8 | square feet of HY-RIB 
as been used in Wartime Bu 


Issued by The Trussed Concrete Steel Co. Ltd. 


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xxiv] THe Arcuirects’ JouRNAL for May 25, 1944 


In the modern borehole pumping unit designed 
by Hayward-Tyler, the motor is ‘wet,’ that is, 
water-filled, water-cooled and water-lubricated. 
It is coupled to the pump under water, has only 
two bearings and gives high efficiency. By these 
means more gallons per hour can be raised 
from greater depths at lower cost. 


HAY WARD-TYLER 


otor 


IMO. 


AVAALAS 40 


The unit runs extremely quietly, is easy to in- 
stal with portable tackle, and has the advantage 
of low headroom. For more detailed information 
about the wet motor pump, write (enclosing Id. 
stamp) for an illustrated booklet, to the designers 
and makers, Hayward-Tyler and Co. Ltd., Shell 
Mex House, 76, Strand, London, W.C.2. 


for A.C. mains 


PREOR USERS 


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Tue ARCHITECTS’ JOURNAL for May 25, 1944 [xxv 


In common with every other periodical this JOURNAL is rationed to a small part of its peace- 


time needs of paper. 


For this reason it is virtually impossible for Newsagents to accept 


new orders for the JOURNAL for the time being, and the Publishers are also now unable to 
enter new subscriptions. Intending subscribers should, however, send in their names either 
to their Newsagent or direct to the Publishers to be recorded on the “* waiting list’? when 


JUNE 


FOR 
AN D 


Titles of exhibitions, lectures and papers are printed in italics. 
papers and lectures the authors’ names come first. 


they would be advised as soon as a vacancy 
occurs. The annual post free subscription 
rate is £1 15s. Od.. Single copies, 9d., 
postage 2d. Special numbers, price 1s. 6d. 
are includedin the annual subscription. Back 
numbers more than 12 months old (when 
available), double price. Volumes can be 
bound complete with index, in cloth cases, 
for 15s. each; carriage extra. Goods 
advertised in the JOURNAL, and made of 
raw materials now in short supply, are not 
necessarily available for export. 


MAY 
JULY 


In the case of 
Sponsors are represented 


by their initials as given in the glossary of abbreviations on the front cover. 


BISHOPS STORTFORD. When We Build 
Again. Exhibition and Film. (Sponsor, 
TCPA.) JUNE 2-10 


ARLINGTON. Rebuilding Britain Exhibi- 
tion. At Darlington Public Library and 
Art Gallery. Guide lecturer, Miss Helen 
Kapp. (Sponsor, BIAE.) May 25-31 


EPSOM. When We Build Again. Exhibition and 

Film. At Electricity Showrooms, Church 
Street. (Sponsor, TCPA in collaboration with 
Messrs. Cadbury Bros.) May 25-27 


GUILDFORD. The English Town—Its Con- 
tinuity and Development. Exhibition. (Spon- 
sor, TCPA.) May 25-26 


ONDON. RA _ Exhibition. Weekdays 
9.30a.m. to 7p.m. Sundays 2 to 6 p.m. 
Admission : One Shilling. May 25-Aua. 7 


Hugh Casson. Exhibition of Drawings and 
Water-colours. Gloucestershire in Wartime. 
At 34-36, Bedford Square, W.C.1. (Sponsor, 
AA.) May 25-26 


West Wycombe Rural Cottages Competition. 
Exhibition of all the designs submitted. At 
Regent Street Polytechnic School of Archi- 
tecture. (The winning designs were illustrated 
in the JouRNAL for April 20). 9.30 a.m. to 
5 p.m. May 29-JuNE 3 


Sir Harry R. Selley, M.p. The Conservative 
Party’s Housing and Planning Policy. At 
Housing Centre, 13, Suffolk Street, S.W.1. 
(Sponsor, HC.) 1.15 p.m. May 30 


E. H. B. Boulton. Technical Director TDA. 
Home-Grown Timber. At City of London 
College, Electra House, Moorgate, E.C.2. 
Chairman: Stanley Longhurst, chairman of 
the English Timber Merchants’ Association. 
6 p.m. May 31 


Chartered Surveyors’ Institution. Annual 
General Meeting. At 12, Great George Street, 
S.W.1. Announcement of results of election 
of Council. 5 p.m. JUNE 5 


Dennis Chapman. Social Survey Technique 
of obtaining Information for Housing. RIBA 
Architectural Science Board lecture. At 
66, Portland Place, W.1. 6 p.m. JUNE 6 


Films at 2, Savoy Hill, W.C.2. English Town 
(British Council), The River (U.S. Dept. of 
Agriculture), When We Build Again(Cadbury 
Bros.) (Sponsor, TCPA.) 1.15 p.m. June 8 


Harold Morris. Sawmilling. At City of 
London College, Electra House, Moorgate, 
E.C.2. Chairman: L.A. Bayman, President 
of the London Sawmillers’ Association. 
6 p.m. JUNE. 7 


ABT Westminster Branch Film Show. At the 
Alliance Hall, Palmer Street, S.W.1. Films to 
be shown: 1, An English Method of Prefabrica- 
tion as applied to Housing (the Seco System; ; 
and 2, World of Plenty, an analysis.and a solution 
to the world’s food situation. Tickets from the 
Branch Secretary, D. E. Morrison, A.R.1.B.A., 
3a, Heathway Court, Finchley Road, N.W.3. 
Tel., Speedwell 1996. Price 1s. to members of 
the ABT and Is. 6d. to non-members. Early 
application is invited in view of the limited 
accommodation. (Sponsor, Westminster Branch, 
Association of Building Technicians.) 6.30 = 

JUNE 


A. M. Chitty. Science and Housing. RIBA 
Architectural Science Board Lecture. At 
66, Portland Place, W.1. 6 p.m. JUNE 13 


National Housing and Town Planning Con- 
ference. Of local authorities in England and 
Wales. At Central Hall, Westminster, S.W. 
Subjects to be discussed: Planning for Post- 
war Reconstruction in England and Wales and 
Rehousing the Nation. The conference will be 
addressed by the Minister of Health (Mr. 
Henry Willink). Papers will be submitted by 
W. Dobson Chapman, President of the Town- 
Planning Institute, and Major John G. Martin, 
Secretary of the National Housing and Town 
Planning Council. A memorandum will also 
be presented in regard to the Prefabricated 
Emergency Houses for the erection of which 
extensive preparations are now being made by 
the Ministry of Works. (Sponsor, National 
Housing and Town Planning Council.) 

JUNE 29-30 


PRESTON. Homes to Live In Exhibition. 
At Harris Art Gallery, Preston. (Sponsor, 
BIAE.) MAy 25-JUNE 5 
READING. When We Build Again. Exhi- 
bition and Film. (Sponsor, TCPA in 

collaboration with Messrs. Cadbury Bros.) 
JUNE 18-25 


PPINGHAM. The English Town—Its 
Continuity and Development Exhibition. At 
the Church Rooms. (Sponsor, TCPA in 

collaboration with Messrs. Cadbury Bros.) 
JuNE 1-14 


N EWS 


TuHurspay, May 25, 1944 
No. 2574. VoL. 99 
News oe .. 379 
Contemporary Texture .. .. 380 
This Week’s Leading Article .. 381 


Astragal’s Notes and Topics .. 382 

Letters from Readers... .. 383 

Textural Fantasy of Brazilian 
Baroque .. .. 384 

Information Sheet Sacing page 384 
Domestic Water Heating 4 (939) 

An Analysis of Textures. By Cecil 


Stewart, A.R.IL.B.A. .. 385 
Ministry at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 389 
Information Centre 393 


Societies and Institutions . . .. 394 


Though no feature in the JouRNAL is 
without value for someone, there are often 
good reasons why certain news calls for 
special emphasis. The JOURNAL’s starring 
system is designed to give this emphasis, but 
without prejudice to the unstarred item 
which are often no less important. 

ye = means spare a second for this it 
will probably be worth it. 

means important news, for reasons 
which may or may not be obvious. 
Any feature marked with more than two 
stars is very big building news indeed. 


The War Damage Commission 
announces NEW REPAIR 
PROCEDURE for war 
damaged houses and other property 


The new procedure is designed still further tc 
speed up the work of repairing houses and 
other buildings damaged by enemy action in 
those cases in which an expenditure of more 
than £250 is necessitated. This procedure 
cannot be applied when the expenditure is 
less,than £250. Where the cost of repair is to 
exceed £250 licence holders are recommended 
to see that their professional adviser or con- 
tractor proceeds on the following lines: 
(1) Prepares (a) a specification of all the war 
damage to the property ; and (5) a statement 
showing what works it is proposed to carry 
out under licence and in what (if any) respects 
those works involve repairs not attributable 
to war damage, or ‘“‘alterations’’ or 
** additions ’’ to the property as it was before 
the damage. (2) Sends the licence (or a copy), 
and the specification and statement, to the 
Commission’s Regional Office with a request 
for agreement as to the proposed works for 
making good of war damage. If the works 
can be carried out on the basis of a firm price 
obtained in competition the Commission will 
be prepared to consider approval of the price, 
provided sufficient particulars of the work to 
be carried out are supplied. Payments on 
account during the currency of the work will 
be made where desired. Arrangements for 
these can be made much more readily if 
works are being carried out at a firm price. 
The grant of a licence does not imply that the 
War Damage Commission will necessarily 
make a cost of works payment in respect of 
war damage. An applicant in any doubt as 
to whether he is entitled to such a payment 
should consult the Regional Office of the War 
Damage Commission. 


2 


| 


xxvi] THe Arcuirects’ JouRNAL for May 25, 1944 


AND, a 
*e¢.. and we, as the in » above all, experience 


ventors and pj; 
Widest possible experience Pioneers, have the 


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\wa SCAFFOLDING (GREAT BRITAIN) LTD 


-SAUNDERTON + PRINCES RISBOROUGH BUCKS 
LONDON OFFICE : PLOUGH LANE S.W.17 
BRANCHES AND DEPOTS THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY 


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Precision’ organisation transport facilities, 
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AN ARCHITECT’S 


INADEQUACY OF PUBLIC PROVISION—(continued). 
Reginald Reynolds (Allen and Unwin)]. 


Tue ARCHITECTS’ JOURNAL for May 25, 1944 [379 


Commonplace 


Book 


[From Cleanliness and Godliness, by 
Next, to return to the adequacy or otherwise of the public 


provision, and the great importance of this question ; since we do not all enjoy the privileges and 
statutory rights of cab-drivers (who may legally perform what it is a nuisance for others to commit, 
subject to various sub-clauses and notwithstanding, etc.), I say this matter is greatly under-rated. 
For I have heard a gentleman declare that what he most condemned in the city of New York in the 
twenties was the lamentable lack of public conveniences ; and a nation can acquire an ill name for so 
small a thing as this. And rather than see a few very splendid edifices, of imitation marble and alabaster, 
which seem only to mock themselves of our shabby persons, I would prefer to see the money spent upon 
cheap and efficient places of great number and frequency in our streets, to serve our needs promptly 
rather than to crush and dominate our inadequacy with their affluence and magnificence. 


The Queen has given a donation 
of £100 to the PRINCESS 
TSAHAI MEMORIAL 
HOSPITAL now being 
erected in Addis Ababa. 


It-will be recalled that the Princess Tsahai 
gave the five years of her exile to service in 
British Hospitals, and that she died shortly 
after her country was liberated by the aid of 
Britain and her Allies, and within a year of 
her return home whilst actively engaged in 
organizing the health services of her country. 
This gift of Queen Elizabeth has been 
gratefully received by the Honorary Treasurer 
of the Memorial -Council, Lord Horder, who 
will gladly acknowledge donations, c/o Messrs. 
H. Reynolds & Co., Hon. Accountants, 
1, Bloomsbury Court, High Holborn, W.C.1. 


* 
Professor C. H. Reilly has 
accepted an invitation to become 


an honorary member of 
THE MARS GROUP. 


Dartmoor Prison, said Mr. 
Tom Callan, should be 
razed to the ground. It 1s 
NOT FIT TO LIVE IN. 


At the Prison Officers’ Association Conference 
at Liverpool last week Mr. Tom Callan, the 
chairman, said Dartmoor Prison is unfit for 
prisoners or staff. The whole of this horrible 
place, he declared, should be razed to the 
ground. It is a sink of iniquity, not fit for 
human habitation. 


In all new housing GRATES 
TO BURN SMOKELESS 
FUEL or ordinary coal smoke- 


lessly should be made compulsory. 
Squadron Leader E. H. Keeling, m.p., Chair- 
man of the Greater London Advisory Council 
for Smoke Abatement, and Mr. Charles 
Gandy, Chairman of the National Smoke 
Abatement Society, expressed this opinion 
when a deputation from the Council and the 
Society met the Minister of Health, Mr. 
Willink. Among those present were the 
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of 
Fuel and Power (Mr. Tom Smith), and 
representatives of the Ministries of Works and 
Town and Country Planning. The crux of the 
problem, said Squadron Leader Keeling and 
Mr. Charles Gandy, is the living-room fire. 
The Government should specify and demon- 
Strate efficient grates. The possibilities of 
central and district heating should also be 


examined. In reply Mr. Willink said the 
subject is of great importance from the point 
of view both of health and amenity. It is a 
question of practical ways and means of 
achieving this objective. He would welcome 
any specific suggestions from the Council and 
the Society. Mr. Tom Smith said that 
apart from smoke prevention his Ministry 
is keenly interested in the efficient use of fuel 
and will do its utmost in that direction. 


When wartime restrictions are 


removed the immediate contribu- 
bution of wate enterprise 
in HOUSE BUILDING may 
be expected to exceed _ that 


of the local authorities. 
This is the view of the National Federation 
of House Builders. In a memorandum on 
reconstruction in Britain it states that given 
certain conditions houses can be built to rent 
at figures comparable with those charged 
before the war. The federation does not 
wholly accept the statement that building 
costs to-day are 100 per cent. above those of 
pre-war. The proportion of this increase which 
will have to be carried into the post-war 
period, it estimates, amounts to only 343 per 
cent. When crippling restrictions of war- 
time are removed the immediate contribution 
of private enterprise in housebuilding may be 
expected to exceed that of local authorities. 


Advantage has been taken of the 
need for reprinting the WAR 
DAMAGE Commission’s 
explanatory pamphlet C.1/A 


to revise the publication. 
Changes in the law resulting from the War 
Damage (Amendment) Acts passed since 
1941, and the recent Treasury direction dealing 
in particular with the position of damaged 
or destroyed post-1914 houses, have had the 
effect of widening the benefits conferred on 
the owners of land and buildings. The 
revised pamphlet sets out in simple terms the 
procedure consequent upon these changes, 
and experience of the working of the Acts 
(now consolidated as the War Damage Act of 
1943) indicated a number of other respects in 
which its advice has been rendered more clear 
and up-to-date. There has now, too, been 
added a short informative statement on the 
rights of tenants under the Landlord and 
Tenant War Damage Acts, 1939 and 1941. 
C. 1/A is provided free to every applicant who 
requires Form C. 1 on which to notify damage 
to land or buildings. Others who desire 
copies may obtain them from H.M. Stationery 
Office, or through the booksellers, at one 
penny per copy, or 3/- for 50. 


Mr. Philip Noel-Baker, speak- 
ing at Manchester, said _ the 
ROADS OF THE FUTURE 


must segregate the traffic. 
Mr. Philip Noel-Baker, Parliamentary 
Secretary, Ministry of War Transport, opening 
a Safety First exhibition in Manchester 
indicated the trend of the Government’s 
proposals for reducing road casualties. His 
remarks amplified his statement in the House 
of Commons 10 days ago when he said that a 
report was being drafted to deal with this 
** grave social problem ’’ and would be ready 
soon. The roads of the future, said Mr. 
Noel-Baker, must segregate the traffic. It was 
absurd to let the 10-ton lorry, the luxury 
coach, the 80 m.p.h. saloon, the horse van, 
the pedal cyclist, the child of five, and old and 
blinded people all mix on the same road. 
Post-war road surfaces will have to be so 
made as to cut out skidding, and motor 
vehicles will require more safety devices. 
There will also be need of greater supervision 
to see that vehicles are in a roadworthy 
condition. 


On the invitation of Mr. Hugh 
Dalton, President of the Board 
of Trade,a JOINERY 
INDUSTRY _ Reconstruction 


Committee has been formed. 
The Committee to consider the problems of 
the joinery industry in the immediate post-war 
period of reconstruction, and to report, has 
been constituted by the appointment thereto 
of representatives from the following trade - 
associations and trade unions concerned with 
the industry: Trade Associations.—English 
Joinery Manufacturers’ Association, Timber 
Building Manufacturers’ Association, British 
Door Association, and National Federation of 
Building Trades Employers. Trade Unions.— 
Amalgamated Society of Woodworkers, Amal- 
gamated Society of Woodcutting Machinists, 
and National Amalgamated Furnishing Trades 
Association. Mr. T. Muir Wilson has been 
appointed independent Chairman in an 
honorary capacity, and Mr. P. H. Blackwell, 
55/61, Moorgate, London, E.C.2, Secretary 
of the Committee. 


The MOW Emergency House 1s 
TO BE SENT ON TOUR. 


Various improvements are to be made in the 
Government’s prototype steel house. After 
these improvements have been incorporated, 
Lord Portal, the Minister of Works, plans to 
send the house on tour to each region. This 
news was given in Parliament last week by Mr. 
Hicks, Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry, 
in reply to a number of questions. Asked if 
there would be a place to store a pram in the 


j 

| 

| 


Contemporary Texture 


This photograph, by G. E. Kidder Smith, of the Brazilian 
Ministry of Education and Health at Rio de Janeiro, pro- 
vides a striking modern example of architectural texture, a 
subject which is dealt with in a special article on pages 385 
to 388, by Cecil Stewart. The north and south elevations 
of this building are entirely of glass though the north side 
is shielded as shown above by a slatted sunshade or quebra- 
sol. The low block in the foreground is faced with blue 
and white decorated tiles, whose smooth shining surface 
and small repeat pattern (Mr. Stewart’s two-dimensional 
** induced texture ’’) contrasts effectively with the three 


house, Mr. Hicks replied Yes. Mr. Higgs (Con., 


dimensional ‘* tactile texture ’’ of the reinforced concrete 
honeycomb of the main block in the background. Further 
details of this building are published on pages 389 to 
392. Begun in 1937 and still under construction, it 
illustrates how the imaginative but pure expression of 
contemporary materials and construction can provide as 
dramatic a textural pattern as its Baroque antithesis of 
200 years ago, the altar of the Church of Sao Francisco at 
Bahia, illustrated on page 384. The architects were Lucio 
Costa, Oscar Niemeyer, Afonso Reidy, Carlos Leao, Jorge 
Moreiro and Ernani Vasconcelos ; Le Corbusier, consultant. 


Some of Britain’s 14,000 is so valuable as to provide funds for a new site 
Birmingham) asked what was the anticipated 4 and a new church, any remaining balance will 
useful life of the experimental steel house. BOMBED CHURCHES MAY be the property of the church. It has been 
Mr. Hicks: These houses will be publicly he rebuilt on new sites agreed that instead of a cost of works or value 
owned and licensed for a period only. You ; 2 payment, which would have been appropriate 
may rest assured that the period fixed will not others repaired or replaced. in an ordinary case, there shall be awarded a 
exceed the useful life of the house. Are we 


going to embark on an expenditure of 
£75,000,000 a year and not know how long 
the equipment will last? The house is 
conceived with the view of tiding over a 
difficulty between the termination of hostilities 
and the ordinary building programme coming 
into operation. If a period of ten years is 
contemplated the house will stand up to 
that. Replying to a question about the 
possibility of Britain supplying prefabricated 
houses to France after the war, Mr. Eden, 
Foreign Secretary, said: The capacity of this 
country to produce prefabricated houses is 
likely to be fully occupied in meeting the needs 
of our own people. The supply of emergency 
housing in liberated areas is only part of the 
general question of how the essential needs of 
those areas on liberation can best be met. 
This general question is under consideration. 


Churches of historic interest or special im- 
portance may be fully reinstated. Special 
payments by the War Damage Commission 
are provided for in proposals published last 
week. The proposals are the results of the 
negotiations between the Bishop of London, 
Dr. Fisher, representing the Christian 
Churches, and the War Damage Com- 
mission. The proposals state that damaged 
church structures, including monasteries, con- 
vents, chapels and a number of subsidiary 
buildings, will, unless they are not required, 
be either reinstated on the same site or rebuilt 
elsewhere. Where a church is rebuilt on 
another site the value of the whole of the 
original site will be taken into account in 
assessing the payment to be made by the War 
Damage Commission. The payment will be 
decreased by any excess of market value of 
the old site over the new, but if the old site 


** church payment.’’ This will be the smaller 
of either the reasonable cost of ‘‘ plain 
repair ’’ or the reasonable net cost of building 
a ‘* plain substitute ’’ church. ‘* Plain 
implies that unnecessary ornamentation has 
been omitted and allowance made for undue 
size and structural defects in the damaged 
building. In exceptional cases where the 
damaged building remains for architectural, 
historic or other reasons of special importance, 
it may be in the public interest to secure exact 
reinstatement. In ordinary cases the aim 
should be replacement in the former materials 
and in style appropriate to the situation of the 
church. A tower or spire should be replaced. 
Reasonable replacement of stained glass 
windows is provided for, but this does not 
include replacement of private memorial 
windows merely because they are memorial 
windows. 


I 
I 
B 
t 
« 
i 


380] THE Journa for May 25, 1944. 
| i. 14] 4 4, 


Greater use of the fine river 
front and open spaces for 
music and recreational places, 
and co-ordination of mew 
building round CHELSEA’S 
TREASURED SPOTS. 


These are among the post-war ideas in the 
annual report of the Chelsea Society. The 
County of London plan, says The Evening 
Standard, is criticised as speaking of Chelsea 
with two voices, which are hard indeed to 
reconcile. One extols the mellow charm of 
the borough, emphasises its historic value, 
and singles out its treatment of the river 
front and tree-lined embankment as a shining 
example of how the Thames should be 
respected, it is stated. The other proposes 
to mutilate its Physic Gardens, to make a 
huge traffic way along part of that river front, 
and to violate the site on which, it is hoped, 
Chelsea Old Church will be rebuilt. The 
Chelsea Society, the report states, exists to 
protect and to foster the amenities of Chelsea 
and there can be no doubt of its attitude 
towards proposals such as these. It is 
revealed that lines on which the Borough 
Council are working, include these : Provision 
of tall flats with adequate garden and play- 
ground spaces around them. Concentration 
of large factories in the Lots Road area. 
Conversion into flats of large houses such as 
those in Cadogan Square and Lennox Gardens. 
Rebuilding of the Old Church, if possible, as 
it was. If industry is to remain in Western 
Chelsea, either its employees will have to seek 
homes and gardens in less congested areas, or 
they will have to accept flat life near their 
works, with such amelioration as lifts and 
playgrounds may provide. 


At the Northern Polytechnic, 
London, a PART TIME 
DAY CLASS for Glazing 


Apprentices has been started. 
Believed to be the first of its kind in this 
country, the class marks the beginning of a 
scheme, created by the Joint Industrial 
Council for the Glazing Trade, to enable 
glazing apprentices to supplement their 
training by part-time attendance at a technical 
school. To begin with classes will be available 
only for apprentices residing in the London 
area. Later it is hoped to form similar 
classes in other parts of the country. A 
detailed syllabus of training has been drawn 
up. It covers a period of three years, and 
instruction will be given by a practical glazier. 


Lands in Carmarthenshire and 
Lancashire have been GIVEN 
TO THE NATIONAL TRUST. 


Mr. H. Lloyd-Johnes has added to his previous 
gift of the Dolaucothi estate, Carmarthen, 
to the National Trust. The additional land 
of 421 acres includes most of the village of 
Pumpsaint and the Dolaucothi Arms, eight 
farms, and other smaller detached areas. 
The farms adjoin and extend the existing 
property of 2,074 acres in the Cothi 
Valley, half-way between Lampeter and 
Llanwrda. Mr. Lloyd-Johnes will reserve a 
life interest in this additional land, as he did 
in the rest of the estate. The whole gift is 
made in memory of the Johnes family, who 
acquired the estate in the time of Henry VII. 
The late Mr. J. E. Ludlam, of Ashton-under- 
Lyne, left a legacy for the purchase by his 
trustees of a number of separate holdings 
totalling 13 acres at Daisy Nook, between 
Manchester and Ashton in Lancashire. This 
purchase has now been completed, and 
the lands have been presented to the 
National Trust. 


THE ARCHITECTS’ JOURNAL for May 25, 1944 [381 


CODES AND STANDARDS 


HE result of many months of work by the various 
_ committees and sub-committees of MOW’s Directorate 
of Post-War Building is at last becoming visible in the 
form of a spate of official pamphlets, now being published, 
which threatens to become a flood before the end of 
hostilities is reached. To avoid confusion it is as well to 
review the general set-up. 
Reference should first be made to page 276 of the Journal 
for April 22 of last year, where two charts explain MOW’s 
standardisation activities and method of producing codes of 
practice. From these it will be seen that the two main 


bodies under the co-ordination of the Directorate of Post- © 


War Building (established in 1941) are the Standards Com- 
mittee and the Codes of Practice Committee. These are 
permanent organisations whose work will ultimately be 
expressed in official British Standards, Codes and Specifica- 
tions. They are assisted by the findings of the 23 Study 
Committees which are temporary, excepting for that dealing 
with house construction, which was recently established on 
a permanent basis. On all these Committees sit representa- 
tives of the Government, of science, of industry, and of the 
professions, so that decisions which are reached have the 
virtual support of all sections. 


The Codes of Practice Committee presented its first report in April last year* to its 
constituent bodies consisting of the principal technical institutions, BSI and 
BING, in which it reviewed the present position of building codes, and decided 
the form and functions of those it intended to produce which would be “ codes 
of good pra¢tice defining the methods by which materials can best be used to 
perform the required functions of a building operation. They will embody the 
results of practical experience and scientific knowledge with the object of obtaining 
increased efficiency in building work and economy in labour and materials.” 
Some 200 general codes will finally be produced covering every building operation, 
and they will be governed by the functional requirements of the building as a 
whole, independent of methods of construction and equipment, laid down in a 
Classification Code. A second report was issued in October,+ which was little 
more than a progress report, though new ground was broken to the extent of 
setting forth the objectives of codes covering civil engineering and public works. 
Last week four preliminary draft sub-codes of the Code of Functional Require- 
ments (Classification Code) were issued for the Committee by the British Standards 
Institution. These cover schools and dwellings only and deal with Sunlight 
(6d.), Ventilation (dwellings only) (6d.), Precaution against Notse (2s.), Precaution 
against Fire (dwellings and non-residential schools of not more than two storeys) 
(2s.). The remaining parts of the Classification Code will be issued shortly, 
of which the final one on Dirt and Vermin will not be the least important. All 
these preliminary draft sub-codes are being circulated and comments on them 
are invited from all sources. Final drafts will then be prepared. 


The Standards Committee was appointed in 1942 “ to consider the use of standard 
fittings and components in building, and to recommend action which should be 
taken to introduce the greatest possible measure of standardisation.’”” The com- 
mittee has already made about 100 recommendations which have been passed 
to BSI for the formulation of Standard Specifications. It is concerned both 
with dimensional and performance standards. Its first report has just been 
published called The Use of Standards in Building (HMSO, 6d.), which merely 
outlines its terms of reference and programme and gives a summary of recom- 
mendations. A few drawings are included as samples of the kind of work the 
committee is doing, and an appendix is added on the scope of prefabrication. 
Further reports will be published later. 

The Study Committees issued draft reports for comment last year which were 
reprinted at different times in the JourNAt.{ The first of the final reports was 
* See A.j., April 15, 1943, p. 259. ¢ See A.7., October 21, z 299. 
t See leading article, April 22, 1943, p. 263, and Societies and Institutions columns, April 22, 29 ; 

May 6, 20, 27 ; June 17, 24; July 8, 15, 22; August 5. 


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382] Tue Arcurrects’ JournaL for May 25, 1944 


issued last month, that on House Construction (HMSO, 2s.).* Since then four 
more PWB studies have been published, namely Standard Construction for Schools 
(6d.), Plastics (1s.), Gas Installations (6d.), and Steel Structures (6d.). In all 22 
studies will ultimately be published. These together with the Standard Codes 
will be reviewed individually in our Information Centre. Apart from their 
purpose of helping the formulation of codes of practice and standards, the studies 
are likely to be of general pra¢tical value to all concerned with post-war building. 


The final result of all this work should be extremely useful. 
Building will become more scientific and less haphazard, 
more rational and of better quality. Greater economy, 
speed and architectural unity will be achieved. Added to 
that building research will benefit by securing a stable 
datum from which to measure values. At present it is not 
intended that any of the final official codes, standards and 
specifications shall be mandatory, though of course they 
could be made mandatory, for instance, by the terms of a 
contract. It has been said that the English genius lies less 
in an infinite capacity for taking pains than for making 
drains, a belief borne out by our present building by-laws, 
which are concerned almost exclusively with health and 
safety. The laws have certainly not produced good architec- 
ture, andrit is not too early to express the hope that many 
of the new British Codes and Standards will become more 
compelling than mere recommendations. 


surveys made in this country, and 
for nearly three years has been 
Senior Research Officer of the 
Social Survey of MOI. Not much 
has been heard of this MOI Survey, 
but apparently it has already made 
some valuable contributions to the 
work of the BRS on heating, lighting 
and noise. It has also made studies 
of national tastes and habits in 
relation to housing in which Mr. 
ng Chapman has taken a leading part. 
It should be particularly interesting 
to hear from him something of 
N 0 T & S how this valuable job of discovering 

& consumers’ needs is carried out. 


It cannot be an easy one, for 
@ FP i Cc 


snooping, even with the best inten- 
MORE ASB LECTURES 


tions, is not always popular. 

Two more lectures arranged by the 
RIBA’s Architectural Science Board 
are soon to be given, under the 
general title of Social Needs and their 
Solution in House Building. On June 6, 
Mr. Dennis Chapman talks on The 


The Architects’ Journal 
War Address : 45, The Avenue, Cheam, Surrey 


CHILDREN IN BOND STREET 

Luckily for the RA, the recent 
exhibition of drawings and paintings 
by the pupils of Mr. Neill’s school, 
Summerhill, closed before Burling- 
ton House opened its doors. Luckily, 


Social Survey Technique of Obtaining 
Information on Housing and on June 
13, Mr. A. M. Chitty follows up 
with Science and Housing. They are 
likely to be important. 

Mr. Chapman has been engaged on 
several of the most detailed social 


because there is now no need to 
draw the usual despairing com- 
parisons between the work of self- 
expressing children and be-knighted 
greybeards. Heaving bricks at the 
RA, as Mr. Osbert Lancaster has 
pointed out, is a familiar custom at 
this time of year, and one in which 


* See leading article, April 6, 1944, p. 255. 


all lovers of tradition*will therefore 
happilyjoin. Let usleave them, then, 
at their sport, for the Academy— 
with the sales of gitano’s torsos and 
glistening horseflesh ticking up every 
day—needs no help from us. 

* 

Nor, for that matter (and if sales 
are any guide), did the Summerhill 
exhibition show signs of needing the 
assistance of a patronizing word. 
Attendances were good, the sales 
brisk, and the children presumably 
well satisfied with a success which 
was deserved. 

* 


For those who have never heard ‘of 
Mr. Neill’s school, it is perhaps 
necessary to explain that the basis 
of Summerhill (now 23 years old) is 
freedom. The children are free to 
work or to play orto loaf. They make 
their own laws and have no teaching 
in religion, morals, and manners. 
They are not made to listen to 
Bach, and Medici prints of the old 
masters are not hung upon the walls. 
(What, I wonder, zs hung upon the 
walls? If not Rembrandt and El 
Greco, perhaps Graham Sutherland 
and Henry Moore? or Cecil Aldin 
and Margaret Tarrant? Mr. Neill 
does not say. It is not a trivial 
question). The dire¢t result anyway, 
says Mr. Neill, is a body of girls and 
boys who are “ sincere, original and 
mannerly.”” As to the last quality, 
those of us without experience must 
take Mr. Neill’s word for it, but 
the children’s pictures were triumph- 
ant witnesses at least of their sincerity 
and originality. 

* 


All ages from 6-17, both sexes, and 
every kind of medium were repre- 
sented and the results were as 
exciting as they were talented. One 
of the artists—Ishbel MacWhirter— 
is clearly a born painter in the same 
way as Mr. Robert Bond, the art 
master, is obviously a born teacher. 
One of his methods apparently— 
and it seems a highly successful one 
—is to show the children the physical 
effects of various techniques and 
materials, scratching on canvas or 
on wood or on wet blotting paper, 
of mixing oil paint with water or 
ink with glue—and thus to stimulate 
their imaginations with the resulting 
textures and patterns into the crea- 
tion of works of art. 


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Whatever his method Mr. Bond 
certainly gets results, and let’s hope 
this is only the first of a Summerhill 
series. (This exhibition, by the way, 
is being recorded in a publication 
by the Arcade Gallery.) 


. . . AND ON WEST 53RD STREET 

Perhaps next time Mr. Bond might 
borrow an idea from an American 
colleague—Mr. D’Amico—an art 
master who recently organized a 
Holiday Circus at the Young People’s 
Gallery of the Museum of Modern 
Art. 

The idea was to make art familiar 
to the children through participation 
as well as by observation, and the 
Gallery was accordingly fitted up 
with work benches, drawing boards, 
brushes, paper, clay—and to start 


them thinking—a Calder mobile. 
* 

A representative of The New Yorker 
who visited the Circus found a host 
of small artists hard at participation 
surrounded by a fringe of inhibited 


10 years. 


Tue ArcHitects’ JouRNAL for May 25, 1944 [383 


parents. Parents, according to Mr. 
D’Amico, never fail to gum things 
up. ‘“‘ Just the other day,” he said, 
**a mother insisted that her child 
stop drawing a_ house because 
she had read in some fool book that 
houses symbolize mother-hatred.”’ 

Before leaving, the New Yorker man 
took note of a picture called Man 
leading a dog which he wants but doesn’t 
have—(remember Hans Arp’s Paper 
arranged according to the Laws of Chance 
and Mountains, Table, Anchors, Navel?) 
—and before sidling out was rash 
enough to ask a young artist what 
she was drawing. “It’s a design,” 
she said courteously—adding with 
the brisk patronizing smile of a 
trained nurse—*‘ I don’t think you’d 
understand it.” 

* 

Speaking as an inhibited parent 
who, man and boy, has been drawing 
houses which symbolized practically 
everything but mother-hatred, I 
should say he asked for that. 

ASTRAGAL 


Three of the paintings at the recent exhibition at the Arcade Gallery, mentioned by Astragal. 
Top, two street scenes; left, by Betty Muller, 14 years; right, by Keith Critchlow, 


Above, Solitary Confinement, by Toddy Harman, 14 years. 


LETTERS 


H. W. Rosenthal, Dip. Eng. 
(Lecturer, Leicester College of Art, 
School of Architecture). 


{Anthony Steel Owen, AA.R.L.B.A. 


Precision Building 


Sir,—Prefabrication still spells hutments and 
tin shacks to many people. For this and many 
other reasons it is an unfortunate term. 
Practically all the components of traditional 
building are prefabricated. The term therefore 
does not even cover the essential meaning of 
prefabrication. 

The real problem facing us in post-war 
building from the constructional point of 
view is not Prefabrication versus Traditional 
Building. It is scientific building implying the 
precision and the true economy of the 
engineer and scientist applied to building. 
Prefabrication in the accepted sense is therefore 
only the outcome or the by-product of . 
scientific building. 

It does not cover all the vital changes that 
have become necessary in our outlook on 
house building; it is not comprehensive 
enough. For these reasons I would like to 
introduce a term the Americans have used 
before—Precision Building. This sums up 
the problems of post-war building construction 
in a most comprehensive way. ; 

Traditional building methods consist essen- 
tially of a laborious sticking together of 
innumerable small parts introducing many 
hundreds of gallons of water. In actual 
theory these processes are of a highly scientific 
character, but they are carried out most 
haphazardly on the site owing to the rough 
and tumble methods of traditional building. 
This is no slight on the building trade. The 
methods are inevitably linked with the vagaries 
of the weather and the necessary shortcomings 
of accommodation on the site and site equip- 
ment. To mention only a few of these 
processes: the mixing of mortar, laying of 
composition floors, plastering, installations of 
plumbing equipment and others. 

The introduction of large quantities of mois- 
ture, the inevitable inaccuracy in the chemical 
composition of the various compounds, ; the 


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384] THe ArcuiTects’ JouRNAL for May 25, 1944 


TEXTURAL FANTASY OF BRAZILIAN BAROQUE 


The golden exuberance of the altar in the 
Baroque Church of Sao Francisco de 
Assis at Bahia, Brazil, is as typically 
Portuguese in character as its plain, 
tiled exterior. This is a_ remarkable 
example of textural effect, as riotous as 
the tropical forests around it. Compare 
this with the contemporary texture of the 
Ministry of Education and Health at 
Rio: de Janeiro, illustrated in this week’s 
issue of the Journal, which in its 
reliance for effect on restrained repetition 


of pure geometric form arising from . 


function is the complete antithesis of the 
purely decorative texture of the free, 
organic floridity of this Baroque interior. 
Nevertheless both examples possess what 
Mr. Stewart explains in his article on 
pages 385-388 is a major principle of all 
textural effect—unity of pattern. The 
photographs are by G. E. Kidder Smith. 


often incompatible methods of fixing of 
modern engineering fittings to structures 
never originally designed to receive them. 
All this leads to movements in the structure, 
warping, shrinking, spalling-off of finishes 
and requires great tolerances in sizes, in 
quantities and dimensions. Traditional build- 
ing construction methods with their small 
units, many variable joints, etc., allow for 
these inaccuracies and too much precision 
might even be detrimental to such procedures. 

Given enough time to build a house, say up 
to two years for one of medium size, traditional 
methods can produce excellent results. 
Actually the main reason for failures of 
traditional materials used in modern building 
is speed of erection. Rendering coats are not 
given time to set and expand or shrink before 
second coats are slammed on, inevitable 
settlement is not given time to take place 
before finishes are applied, trades come on 
the job walking and hammering on work 
barely finished by the preceding trade and 
so forth. 

But we must also remember that even if 
given time traditional methods may not prove 
as successful these days as they might have 
done say a century ago. Our houses are 
subject to entirely different stresses than were 
houses of the past. Fires were kept on all 
day in kitchens and probably a number of 
the living-rooms, while often nowadays houses 


are only heated locally and often only for 
certain hours of the day or alternatively are 
kept under much higher overall temperatures 
day in day out through central heating. 
Then there is often vibration through 
traffic. 

Furthermore, there is the inevitable combina- 
tion of old-established materials with new 
ones, which often might seem familiar but are 
of entirely new chemical composition. Then 
there are our much higher claims for domestic 
comfort. Finally there is the present need for 
speed. 

We must therefore resort to greater scientific 
precision in the design of the components not 
only in the dimensions but in their physical 
and chemical composition. This can only be 
done if site work is reduced to a minimum. 
Only factory conditions permit precision 
work. 

It follows automatically that precision-made 
components can be much larger and more 
complex than hitherto as their site behaviour 
can be much more reliably predicted and 
combinations of steel and timber in precise 
proportions for the greatest efficiency can be 
effected in the works. The actual building 
process is then no longer a haphazard sticking 
together of particles but an assembly of 
precision parts like building an aeroplane or 
aship. Such parts if designed with imagination 
will result in houses esthetically as good but 


more efficient than any houses of our best 
architectural periods. Prefabrication thus 
becomes the servant of Precision Building. 


Leicester. H. W. ROSENTHAL. 


West Wycombe Competition 


Sir,—We read Astragal’s remarks on the 
West Wycombe Competition with considerable 
interest. Although not ourselves competitors, 
we heartily endorse Astragal’s sentiments 
and feel that these remarks would equally apply 
to the recent Northampton Competition which, 
unfortunately, you did not review at such 
great. length. 

We cannot but believe that, from the con- 
siderable entries to both competitions, there 
must have been some really fine schemes which 
might have made a more commendable con- 
tribution to the progress of architectural 
thought and design than the winning and 
premiated designs. 

It does seem to us significant that in both 
competitions, not one of the schemes illus- 
trated had a flat roof, thus suggesting some 
prejudice against this type of construction, 
whereas in point of fact, innumerable cases 
can be quoted both in this country and abroad 
of flat roofs sitting the landscape and 
harmonising with their surroundings. 


Beverley. ANTHONY STEEL & OWEN. 


7 


THE ARCHITECTS’ JOURNAL for May 25, 1944. 


=H 3RARY OF PLANNED INFOR 


GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 


The term District Heating means the supply of heat to a large 
number of buildings from one source by means of pipes laid in 
the streets, just as for water, gas and other services. In Russia 
it is called ‘‘ Heatification.”’ 


The heat is either produced in boilers provided for the purpose, 
or it may be waste heat from electric generating plant. 


The pipes or mains are insulated and are generally enclosed 
in ducts or tunnels below roads and footpaths. 


The heat is delivered to the Consumer by connecting pipes 
terminating with valves, and some form of metering apparatus 
inside his premises. To these is connected the central heating, 
hot-water supply, or steam system within the building. 


The medium conveying the heat may be either :— 
(a) hot water at a temperature of 160°F. to 180°F. (low pressure). 
(b) hot water at a temperature of 220°F. to 300°F. (high pressure). 
(c) steam at any pressure between 5 and 200 Ibs. per sq. in. 
The choice of medium and temperature or pressure depends 


on the distances to be covered, whether or not the system uses 
waste heat from electric generation, and on other factors. 


LARGE BUILDINGS AND DISTRICT HEATING. 


The greatest scope for District Heating is probably in con- 
nection with larger buildings in fairly densely built-up areas, 
where heating requirements are considerable for a given length 
of main. Such buildings include Blocks of Flats and Offices, 
Hospitals, Shops, Churches, Civic and Community Buildings, 
Cinemas, Theatres and Factories. 


rail and water | 
access for coal 4 
| offices 
HEAT STATION YT | 
industrial 


yA_hotel residential 


| 


: Shops and cinema 
industrial offices 


block of flats 


Jcivic and community buildings 


church 


| 
SECTION OF TYPICAL HEAT DISTRIBUTION PLAN. 


FILING REFERENCE: 


EATING 


DISTRICT HEAT FOR DOMESTIC 
USE: 


In this country the number of houses 
where any continuous supply of heat is 
provided is small, and mostly confined to 
better class property. The inefficiency of 
present methods of heating means that the 
result is poor for the expenditure involved. 
District Heating, if applied to the domestic 
field, can offer improved conditions for” 
the same household budget. 

It may take the form of complete 
central heating, or background heating 
supplemented by a radiant source for 
topping-up in the living room when 
required. 


HOT WATER SUPPLY : 

All hot water supply requirements for 
baths, sinks, basins, showers, etc., can 
be provided by District Heat. The normal 
system in the larger buildings is connected 
to the supply mains through a heat 
exchanger. In the case of housing, a 
continuous supply of hot water becomes 
available, again generally through a heat 
exchanger, though some housing estates 
have used a direct draw-off system. 


PROCESS HEAT : 


Many industrial processes depend on a 
supply of steam or high temperature hot 
water. Steam is also required by 
laundries, hospitals, hotels, etc., for a 
variety of purposes such as washing, 
cooking, sterilising, etc. 

All these requirements for heat may be 
made available from District Heating 
mains, provided pressures are suitable. 


GAS AND ELECTRICITY : 

Gas and electricity may be considered 
as forms of District Heating. They are 
‘“‘ refined ’’ fuels, hence their use on a 
large scale for heating is not necessarily 
economic. District Heating should make 
it possible to supply lower grade heat at 
a cheaper rate. Further, the capacity of 
existing gas and electric stations and - 
mains would generally require to be 
greatly increased to meet the complete 
heating loads of large districts. 


[TURN OVER 


INFORMATION SHEET ¢ 939 


e DOMESTIC WATER HEATING 4. 


‘ 
| MATION 
WATER HEATING 4: DISTRICT H 
4 
t 
J 
— 
bd A 
| | | af 
| 
| 
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THE ARCHITECTS’ JOURNAL 
May 25, 1944 


ADVANTAGES OF DISTRICT HEATING : 


From the Consumer’s viewpoint : 

The consumer is absolved from the necessity and expense of 
providing boilers, flues, space for boiler plant and fuel store, 
labour for stoking and attendance. Delivery of fuel and removal 
of ashes with their attendant dirt and dust are avoided. 


Heat is available ‘* on tap ’’ when required, without the ‘‘ 
lag ’’ associated with solid fuel boilers. 


Thermostatic control is readily applied, 


time 


thus maintaining 


‘comfort without under or over-heating. 


These matters come under the general heading of ‘‘ con- 
venience,’’ and are real benefits though it may be difficult to 
give them an actual monetary value. 


From the National viewpoint : 


Where combined with electric generation there is a con- 
siderable reduction in total coal consumption as compared with 
separate generation of heat and electricity. 


In Russia, in 1937 alone, the total saving of fuel attributable 
to District Heating was I+ million tons, though in the U.S.S.R. 
District Heating is as yet in its infancy. 


In this Country, if only 10 per cent. of the heat supplied by the 
burning of raw coal in open grates, etc., were supplied from 
thermo-electric District Heating stations, there would be a 
saving of about 2+ million tons of coal per annum. 


Labour engaged in the menial task of stoking is released for 
more productive work. 


Atmospheric pollution, causing fogs and damage to paintwork, 
buildings and their contents, is considerably reduced due to 
the gas washing possible with large plants. 


DISADVANTAGES OF DISTRICT HEATING: 


Opening up of streets for installation and maintenance of mains 
is often difficult in existing thoroughfares, easier in recon- 
structed or newly developed areas than in existing cities. Heat 
losses from mains are a permanent charge on the system, in- 
dependent of load. Thus, a densely built-up area is more 
economical to serve than a sparsely built-up area. Also, heating 
loads which are continuous summer and winter, such as for hot 
water supply and process steam, reduce the proportion of 
losses to heat sold over the year. 


PLANNING FOR HEAT : 


New cities and redeveloped areas should be planned for heat, 
just as they are for drains and roads. A multiplicity of heat 
producing units is obsolete. District Heating means comfort 
“‘ on tap,’’ constant hot water, low cost, national fuel economy. 


_ Compiled by Oscar F 
-ENFORM A 


SIR JOHN BURNET TAIT “AND LORNE 


INFORMATION SHEET 939 


TARIFFS : 


The tariff on which heat is charged to 
the consumer must bear costs made up 
from the following items :— 


Generating costs : 


(interest on sinking fund, and 
depreciation on buildings, 
boiler plant, auxiliaries, heat 
exchanges, coal and ash handling 


Fixed | Plant. 


Costs Interest on cost of land. 


Salaries and wages of admini- 
stration and operational staff, 
Insurances. 

( Coal. 


Ash removal. 


intenan irs. 
Running Maintenance and repairs 


Costs Oil, water and stores, 


Rates, Taxes. 


Profit. 


Distribution costs : 


(Interest on sinking fund, and 
depreciation on mains, valves, 


expansion joints, pumps, 
Fixed tunnels, ducts and conduits, 
Costs and meters. 


Salaries and wages of super- 
visory staff, Insurances. 


( Maintenance and repairs. 


Running! Stores, Rates, Taxes. 
Costs 
| Heat losses from mains. 


The tariff may be expressed either :— 


(a) as a flat rate per therm (100,000 
B.Th.U.’s), or 


(b) as a standing fixed charge per therm 
based on maximum hourly demand 
over the year, plus a running charge 
per therm used (similar to electrical 
tariffs). 


The advantage of method (b) is that it 
encourages a reduction of peak demand, 
and penalises the consumer with a poor 
load factor to the advantage of one with a 
good load factor. 


As a rough guide to the rates which 
would be charged for District Heating it 
may be assumed that tariffs would lie 
between 3d. and 6d. per therm. It is 
impossible to state a definite figure owing 
to the numerous variables and wide 
variety of conditions applying in different 
cases, 


In comparing costs of District Heat with 
other methods, it must be remembered 
that District Heating can be used by the 
consumer at 100 per cent. efficiency, 
apart from any losses from mains within 
the building, common to any centralised 
system. 


Ascot Gas Water Heaters Ltd., 
Road, Neasden, N.W.10. Telephone 
(14 lines). 


North Circular 
: Willesden 5121 


Heaters Ltd. 


CONTINUED 


| 

| 

| 

“DOMESTIC WATER HEATIN. 

C ONE MONTAGUE PLACE BEDFORD SQUARE LONDON WCI 


AN ANALY 


The object of this analysis is to 
arrange in some sort of order the 
various main types of textures, and 
to discover why certain textural 
combinations are zsthetically more 
satisfying than others. Generally 
we speak of textures in the com- 
parative sense of roughness and 
smoothness, softness or hardness, 
and we realize that there exists an 
infinite range of textural variation 


THe ARCHITECTS’ JOURNAL 


SIS OF 


for May 25, 


— 


URES 


BY CECIL STEWART, A.R.LB.A. 


The value of texture in contemporary architecture has yet 
to be fully appreciated, but it is encouraging to note that one 
of our chief schools of architecture, the AA, includes the study 
of texture in its curriculum. Here a teacher of the subject at 
this school analyses texture into its various types, and explains 
its esthetic use, and its relation to pattern and to scale. 


between the imaginary ultimate 
extremes—imaginary because it 
cannot be possible to reach an 
ultimate degree of roughness or 
smoothness. 

We are conscious of this rough- 
ness or smoothness of surface 
through touch or sight, or through 
a combination of both touch and 
sight. Imagine a cobbled road 
having at one side a flat stone 


pavement and beyond that a 
grass verge; then we may say 
the cobbles have a textural value 
both rough and hard, the pave- 
ment a value smooth and hard, 
and the grass rough and soft; 
and we are conscious of these 
qualities through our feet by touch 
and through our eyes by sight. 

Many of our impressions are 


derived not so much through touch 


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386] THe Arcuirects’ JourNAL for May 25, 1944 


as through inference. Because we 
see particular variations of light 
and shade on the surface of, let us 
say, a corrugated sheet, we infer 
that the sheet has an undulating 
surface without actually touching 
it. A study of texture therefore 
embraces a consideration of not 
only surfaces that have a real 
tactile value but surfaces that 
give an impression of form simply 
by tonal effects. Thus the pattern 
on wallpaper may give an im- 
pression to the eye of surface 
variation which is not borne out 
by touch, but must, because of 
its effect upon the retina, find a 
place in this analysis. 


Natural and Tactile Textures 

There are at least two distinct 
types of texture that we can feel— 
natural textures such as_ the 
surface variations of skin, tree 
bark and mountains, and tactile 
textures not of natural origin, e.g., 
cement renderings, fabric weaves. 


Structural and Induced Textures 
Structural textures are those 
without appreciable surface varia- 
tion to the touch, but which 
show by markings on the surface 
the composition of the material as 
in the fibrous grain of wood, the 
crystalline formations of marble 
and the irregular composition of 
terrazzo. Induced textures again 
cannot be distinguished by touch 
but give impression of depth by 
tonal differences which are induced 
on the surface as on printed 
fabrics, wallpaper patterns, and 
half-tone reproductions. 


Raised and Recessed Textures 

The appearance of texture de- 
pends on light and therefore the 
lighter the tone value of a surface 
the more emphatic becomes the 
textural value to the eye. Thus 
a white corrugated sheet appears 
to have more pronounced undula- 
tions than a grey or near-black 
sheet with the same tactile value. 
Whenever a general surface is 
broken into parts that recede or 
project we produce alternative 
effects. There are in fact raised 
textures and recessed textures. 


Balanced Textures 

There are also tactile textures 
which are neither raised nor de- 
pressed; and induced textures 
which give the impression of 
equality of light and shadow as on 
a corrugated sheet where the 
amount of recession is equal to the 
amount of projection, or on a 
chequer board where the amount 
of light equals the amount of 
dark. The first is an example of 
balanced tactile texture, and the 
second of balanced induced texture. 


Above, examples of raised and recessed texture in building materials. Below, News 
Building, New York, by Raymond Hood, an example of balanced texture. 


Bi 
| 
4 


Tue ArcHiTEcts’ JouRNAL for May 25, 1944 [387 


Above, the Palazzo Riccardi, Florence, an example of textured harmony. 
Below, stacked timber showing a linear texture arising out of the orderly 
arrangement of planks. 


Textural Harmony 

Harmony in texture is produced 
in much the same way as harmony 
in colour; that is by using them 
in some sort of related sequence. 
According to colour theory a 
harmony of, say, red and yellow 
can be obtained by the introduc- 
tion of a third element half-way 
between the two, i.e. orange. 
Similarly we can produce harmony 
of texture by relating a rough with 
a smooth surface by introducing a 
third surface of a textural value 
between rough and smooth. The 
facade of the Palazzo Riccardi is 
a good example of the use of 
textural harmony with its ground 
storey of heavily rusticated 
masonry, its top storey of smooth 
ashlar finish, and the link on the 
first floor storey of deeply drafted 
masonry. 


Textural Contrast 

There are three distinct varieties 
of textural contrast. There is 
the contrast obtained by using 
different materials, as between 
marble and wood, for example : 
there is the contrast between 
rough and smooth surfaces as 
between rock-faced and _ polished 
granite; and there is the tactual 
contrast between soft and hard 
surfaces like chromium plate and 
glossy silk. 

Colour may play an important 
part in the emphasis of textural 
contrast. If we have as a contrast 
in a room silk curtains and tweed 
upholstery, the textural contrast 
between these two materials would 
be intensified if a colour contrast 
was also introduced and the tweed 
dyed green and the silk crimson. 


Texture and Pattern 

All materials are distinguished by 
certain arrangements of lines 
(fibres) or corrugations, or by 
arrangements of spots (crystals) or 
moticulations. As nearly all 
patterns are based on some system 
of lines or spots, this leads one, 
naturally enough, to a study of 
the relationship of texture and 
pattern. Generally we think of 
pattern as a formal design of one 
or more elements multiplied and 
arranged in an orderly sequence. 
The word pattern, like the word 
texture, is very loosely used. But 
both have something in common 
—that is orderly design. Thus, 
the pattern of the clouds may be 
considered as the ordered repetition 
of similar motives moving across 
the sky, and musical pattern as 
the repetition of a sound motive. 
The motive or element is the basis 
of the design, and the ordered 
arrangement of the motive pro- 
duces the regularity of the pattern 
and the evenness of the texture. 


~ 7 
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| 
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388] Tue Arcuirects’ JourNAL for May 25, 1944 


Above, examples of raised and recessed texture ; left, the medieval House of the 
Beaks, Portugal, in stone ; right, the Institute and Zoological Museum at Nancy 
by Jacques and Michel André, in concrete. Below, the Roman Tomb of Eurysaces 
shows the close relationship between pattern and texture. Bottom, camouflaged silos, 
an example of induced texture. 


The patterns of Nature, as seen 
by the naked eye, are irregular. 
The elements of a cloud composi- 
tion or the corrugations of tree 
bark are never identical or mathe- 
matically disposed, though the 
resultant effect may have much in 
common with a geometric pattern 
or a constructed tactile texture. 
In the same way textures and 
patterns revealed by Man, as for 
example the graining of wood and 
the speckling of granite, are never 
regular, though when revealed 
under a microscope may be com- — 
posed of precisely regular forms 
or shapes. On the other hand, 
man-made textures and patterns 
have generally some geometric 
basis. In architecture they are 
mainly rectilinear and have a 
general direction of horizontal or 
vertical; when curves are used, 
they are nearly always geometric, 
either from circles or parabolas. 
The elements used in architecture 
have invariably a geometric basis, 
e.g. brick, the hewn stone or the 
sawn timber; even the plasticity of 
concrete is restricted by the geo- 
metric mould. 


Texture and Scale 

The degree of roughness or 
smoothness of surface is largely 
dependent in its effect upon how 
distant one is from the subject. 
For example, in architecture we 
are concerned firstly with the 
texture of the materials used—the 
brick, stone or timber face; 
secondly, with the total effect of 
the fagade, its degree of roughness 
being dependent on the larger 
modulations of solid and void; 
and lastly one might consider in, 
let us say, a housing estate the 
sum effect of the disposition of 
the cubic values of the buildings 
in relation to the landscape as a 
whole. The question of scale is, 
therefore, important in so far as 
our conception of roughness of 
texture is controlled by our relative 
nearness to the object under view. 


Generally 

(1) All materials have textures. 

(2) Texture depends upon light. — 

(3) Texture may be enhanced or 
emphasized by colour. 

(4) Texture and patternare related. 

(5) Textural quality varies with 
angle of vision and one’s 
distance away from the subject. 

(6) Textures may be measured in 
terms of roughness or smooth- 
ness, softness or hardness. 

(7) Textures may be measured 
in terms of light and shade. 

(8) The range of textures is infinite. 

(9) There are four main types of 
texture :—Natural; Structural; 
Tactile ; Induced. 

(10) Texture is more apparent on 
light surfaces than on dark. 


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4 | 
4 


MINISTRY 


AT RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL 


BY LUCIO COSTA, OSCAR NIEMEYER, AFONSO REIDY, 
CARLOS LEAO, JORGE MOREIRO AND ERNANI VASCONCELOS 


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Tue ARCHITECTS’ JOURNAL for May 25, 1944 [389 Bee 
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390] THe Arcuirects’ JouRNAL for May 25, 1944 


MINISTRY AT RIO-DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL 


4 
44 


View from north-east. In the foreground is the auditorium, at the blank end of which will be placed a semi-detached statue by Lipschitz. 


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The Ministry of Education and 
Health, Rio de Janeiro. Architects, 


Lucio Costa, Oscar Niemeyer, 
Afonso Reidy, Carlos  Leao, 
Jorge Moreiro Ernani 


Vasconcelos ; Le Corbusier, con- 
sultant. Begun about 1937, still 
under construction. The Minister 
of Education and Health has 
certainly inspired the construction 
of a remarkable building. Most 
striking is the enormous honey- 
comb that shields the north side 
of the building. The north and 
south elevations are entirely of 
glass, the narrow east and west 
walls and the columns supporting 
the main block are veneered in 


A view of the building from the north-west. 
for the water tank and the lift machinery appears on page 392. 


pinkish-grey granite. The low 
block contains the auditorium and 
exhibition halls and is faced with 
specially designed blue and white 
tiles, which also form a great 
mural at the base of the west 
wall of the main building. The 
roof structures enclosing water 
tanks and lift apparatus have 
boldly curved outlines and are 
covered by vitreous blue tiles. 
It is interesting to compare 
Debret’s quaint drawing of the 
primitive types of bee-hive dwell- 
ings he saw on his travels in 1820 
with this building, which might be 
described as a technically highly 
developed form of the tree-house. 


DESIGNED BY LUCIO COSTA, OSCAR 


NIEMEYER, AFONSO REIDY, CARLOS LEAO, 


JORGE MOREIRO & ERNANI VASCONCELOS 


Tue ARcHITECTS’ JouRNAL for May 25, 1944 [391 


A close-up of the housing 


| 


FOURTH FLOOR : 
1, minister’s elevator; 2, public elevator; 3, toilet 
4, employees’ elevator ; 5-7, toilets ; 8, divisible space 


THIRD FLOOR 
1, minister’s elevator, 2, public elevator; 3, waiting 
room ; 4, toilets; 5, conference room; 6, secretary ; 
7, minister's office ; 8, toilet ; 9, assistant ; 10, employees’ 
elevator; 1-13, toilets; 14, offices ; 15, roof garden. 


SECOND FLOOR 

2, exhibition hall ; 3, public elevators ;%4, conference room ; 

5, toilet ; 6, speaker’s platform ; 7, auditorium ; 8, pro- 
9-10, toilets ; 11, employees’ hall. 


jection booth above ; 


GROUND FLOOR 

2, portico ; 3, public hall ; 4, minister’s entrance ; 5, in- 
formation desk ; 6, parking ; 7, garage ; 8, machinery ; 
9-10, employees’ entrance and hall. 


| 9599333 Gs | 
| 


Above, a close-up of the housing for the water tank and lift 
machinery. On the right is the end of the restaurant. The 
housing is covered with bright blue tiles with white structural 
supports taking part of the load over to the columns. The small 
round red tile openings are for ventilation. Left, Debret’s quaint 
drawing of the primitive types of bee-hive dwellings he saw on his 
travels in 1820 is a fitting companion to illustrations of this 
building, which might be described as a technically rather more 
highly developed example of the tree-house in the drawing. 


MINISTRY AT RIO DE 


JANEIRO, BRAZIL 


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392] Tue ArcHITECTs’ JoURNAL for May 25, 1944 
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INFORMATION CENTRE 


The function of this feature is to supply an index and a digest of 
all current developments in planning and building technique throughout 
the world as recorded in technical publications and statements of every 
kind whether official, private or commercial. Items are written by 
specialists of the highest authority who are not on the permanent 
staff of the Fournal and views expressed are disinterested 


and objective. 


The Editors welcome information on all develop- 


ments from any source, including manufacturers and contractors. 


PHYSICAL PLANNING 


1495 CSI on London Plan 


COUNTY OF LONDON PLAN: MEMOR- 
ANDUM OF OBSERVATIONS BY THE COUN- 
CIL OF THE CHARTERED SURVEYORS’ 
INSTITUTION. (Journal of the CSI, 
March, 1944.) Council criticizes prac- 
ticability of London Plan in view of 
existing legal powers and customs. 

A careful perusal of the Report, the Institu- 
tion says, does not disclose any indication 
that altogether, apart from finance, the 
practical sides of all the problems have been 
considered and it is not altogether clear as to 
when specific proposals in the report are 
intended to take practical shape and be 
implemented by a statutory town planning 
scheme and what parts are pictorial presenta- 
tions of the application of an ideal. 


Neighbourhood Units 

The Institution considers that perhaps the 
fundamental proposal is for the organization 
of the County in a series of communities having 
a population of some 6,000 to 10,000 people 
isolated from neighbouring communities by 
belts of open spaces and not crossed by any 
mainline thoroughfares, and centred: upon 
schools. It is obvious that this would 
ultimately involve the entire reconstruction of 
the whole of the County of London. It is not 
clear that their plan has been designed to give 
any consideration of the difficulties, nor of the 
question of compensation and values involved. 


West End 

The authors suggest that many parts of the 
West End need rebuilding to meet a different 
need, viz., that of the worker in office, retail 
store or theatre, and to facilitate this they 
Suggest that arrangements should be made for 
simultaneous termination of leases. This 
might mean payment of heavy compensation, 
and although the Institution considers that this 
Suggestion would have advantages, it is 
impracticable in the absence of new legislation. 
Roads 

The Institution is very well aware of the 
great expense and dislocation likely te be 
caused by the new road proposals. Residential 
property in secondary roads might very well 
benefit by a reduction of traffic, but business 
and commercial properties would suffer 
heavily if access to them were made difficult. 


Railways 

The Institution is very doubtful as to the 
practicability of the proposals and ‘imagines 
their implementation would involve great 
expense without affording an adequate financial 
return. 

Markets 

Whilst the over-riding consideration should 
be the avoidance of traffic congestion, street 
markets do fulfil a public need for certain 
classes of the population. It appears doubtful 


to the Institution whether the proposed de- 
centralization of all markets is practicable or 
in the best interests of the public. 


Flatted Factories 


The erection of a number of flatted factories 
to take small industries is indicated and the 


authors assume that these will be built by the 
County Council itself. If, in fact, there is a 
demand for such buildings, the Institution sees 
no reason why private enterprise should not 
be allowed to provide such buildings. 
Conclusion 

The Institution desires to conclude these 
observations by congratulating the LCC upon 
the initiative which impelled it to begin and 
carry through its investigations into the many 
facets of metropolitan life and being, and to 
publish the ideas of its advisers for the improve- 
ment of post-war London. Whatever criticisms 
there may be of those ideas, the County of 


. London Plan, 1943, will live as a noble record 


of the work of its authors and of the concern 
of London’s war-time Government for the 
future welfare of its citizens. 


MATERIALS 


1496 _Dry-Rot 


THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH Dry-ROT 

MEMORANDUM. J. Watson Cabre. (The 
Builder, March 3, 1944, p. 180.) Article 
offering sharp criticism of Circular 
No. -3/44 issued by MOH (See Inf. 
Centre No. 1429). 

The criticism is based on the work of the late 
Professor A. E. Groom, who devoted a lifelong 
study to this subject. He came to the con- 
clusion that the great dissemination of merulius 
lacrymans (which alone is more destructive 
than all other timber attacking fungi taken 
together) is not due to spores but to the 
dried and invisible root cells. These little cells 
of dried roots are easily carried about with 
anything that was in contact with infected 
wood (even apparently sound timber may 
contain them) and will contaminate whole 
areas with this deadly disease of timber. The 
Ministry’s instruction, to cut away all infected 
wood 12 in. to 18 in. beyond the last visible 
sign of attack, is wholly inadequate, since 
the dry root cells are invisible and may be 
yards away from the place of attack. The 
only effective remedy is to burn all timber 
affected in the room where the rot has occurred. 
What is needed are properly trained men with 
practical experience, who, by having the right 
kind of knowledge about the causes of the 
disease, could deal with it effectively. 


1497 Post-War Timber Supplies 


Post-WAR TIMBER SUPPLIES FOR THE 
BUILDING INDUSTRY. (Memorandum by 
the English Joinery Manufacturers’ 
Association, February, 1944.) No timber 
shortage expected after the war. 

The leafiet has been issued to prove that the 
fears of many, that there will be a timber 
famine after the war, are completely 
unfounded. A review of the timber-growing 
countries shows that there can be.no world 
shortage and post-war supplies therefore 
depend on exchange, shipping and political 
factors. The -pamphlet suggests that all 
apparent difficulties are easy to overcome and 
that an adequate planning of the immediate 


Tue ArcuiTEcTs’ JOURNAL for May 25, 1944 [393 


housing programme can only be carried out 
if adequate supplies of timber are assured, 
timber being the ideal material for low-cost 
housing. The conclusions are summarized 
and Government Departments urged to give 
serious consideration to all the aspects of the 
problem set out in this country. (The con- 
tention that the recent delay in building the 
3,000 cottages for agricultural workers was 
caused by the general public’s unwillingness 
to accept timberless houses does not seem 
conclusive). 


1498 World Timber Supplies 


WORLD TIMBER SupPPLieEs. (Timber 
Development Association.) Booklet ex- 
amining timber situation likely to arise 
after the war. No shortage of standing 
timber. No lack of production capacity. 
The facts and figures given in the appendices 
prove that there will be sufficient timber of 
suitable kinds in the forests of the world. 
As far as it can be estimated now, timber 
production will be resumed without difficulty 
and modern methods (for instance modern 
drying kilns) have made production even more 
economical than it was before the war. 
scientific use of timber will allow a great 
saving in material. In the building industry 
timber is still one of the most economical 
materials to use and also the one best liked 
by the public. Still, the statement that ‘‘ solid 
floors and staircases and other woodless 
innovations are as undesirable as they are 
unnecessary ’” seems somewhat rash. To 
anyone who followed closely the controversies 
over the agricultural cottages it must also 
seem absurd to account for the delay in the 
erection by the reluctance of the public to 
accept timberless construction. 


1499 BWA Timbers 


TIMBERS OF BRITISH WEST AFRICA. 
(Timber Development Association.) De- 
scription in alphabetical order of most 
important West African timbers. 
During the war timber import to the United 
Kingdom has stopped from most of the usual 
sources. West Africa is still open and capable 
of supplying a vast quantity of first-class 
timber. Most of these timbers are not 
sufficiently known and the purpose of 
the brochure is to give unbiased and 
practical details of a number of commercially 
important timbers. The timbers are arranged 
in alphabetical order of their common names, 
under which the most important data regarding 
strength, seasoning, durability, working 
qualities, uses, supplies, etc., are given for 
each individual timber. The Index and 
Use Guide for West African Timbers at the 
end make it a very handy little reference 
book for all users of timber. 


HEATING 
and Ventilation 


1500 Cinema Projection Rooms 


THE AIR CONDITIONS IN CINEMA PRO- 
JECTION Rooms. Oéesterle. (Gesundheit- 
Ingenieur, June 10, 1943, pp. 163-4.) 
Ventilation of many projection rooms 
found to be inadequate, and should be 
much greater than that of body of 
cinema. 

The author considers that the deterioration 
of the air conditions within projection rooms is 
due to the fumes from the arc-lamps. He 
measured the concentrations of ozone, nitrous 
gases, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, 
as well as the temperature, humidity and the 
kata-cooling power in 50 German cinemas. 
CO. concentration was sometimes harmless, 
but in the worst cases, up to 3.7 per cent. was 
observed ; and at this concentration would 
have pronounced physiological effects. The 


| 
q 
% 
] 


394] Tue ArcHITECTs’ JOURNAL for May 25, 1944 


lowest tolerable limit for nitrous gases is 
stated to be 0.07 mg./1. and this was exceeded 
in many cases. Ozone and CO did not reach 
toxic concentrations. The physical conditions 
were also poor—temperature 24-25°C, humidity 
28-43 per cent. and kata-cooling power 3.4-5.3 
—and these warm and dry conditions would 
increase the effects of CO. and nitrous gases. 

Mechanical extraction was not always satis- 
factory—in many cases it was defeated by 
inadequate inlets for fresh air, and in some 
cases the fan was not in use. 


Author considers that Liese’s standards of 


ventilation for the body of the cinema (350— 
700 c.f.h.) are too low for the projection rooms ; 
although it is not possible, on the basis of the 


present work, to suggest appropriate rates of 


air change. It is added that so long as safety 
film is not compulsory, the ventilation of the 
hall and. of the projection room should be 
quite separate. 


1501 Control of Air Streams 


CONTROL OF AIR STREAMS IN LARGE 
Spaces. G. L. Tuve and G. B. Priester. 
(Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, 
January, 1944, p. 39.) Choice and 
design of air outlets for ventilation 
systems. Tests described. 

Tests are described, in which the authors 
sought to determine the maximum velocity of 
an air stream at given distances from outlets 
of various shapes and sizes, and also the 

* throw *’ in a large room. 

Equations and tables of discharge coefficients 
and correction factors are given to determine 
the throw corresponding to any given maximum 
velocity in the air stream in a room when the 
size and shape of the nozzle and the volume 
of air are known; or alternatively to find 
the size of outlet to give specified conditions 
within the room. Examples of calculation 
are given. 

They conclude that for straight-flow outlets, 
up to 100 sq. in. in area and for outlet velocities 
less than 7,000 ft. per min. (i) the shape of the 
outlet has little effect on the throw, so long as 
the aspect ratio is less than 50; (ii) the shape 
of the air stream at distances greater than 
20 diameters is little affected by the shape of 
the outlet ; (iii) when the maximum velocity 
in the air stream is greater than 500 ft. per 

in., this falls off inversely as the distance, 
and is proportional to the outlet velocity : 
but the maximum velocity falls off more 
rapidly with distance when it is less than 
500 ft. per min.; and (iv) multiple slots, 
nozzles or orifices when spaced a few inches 
apart produce the same effect as a single 
outlet of the same total area. 


1502 Radiant Heating 


WuaT 500 INSTALLATIONS HAVE RE- 
VEALED ABOUT RADIANT HEATING. C. A. 


Hawk, Jr. (Heating, Piping and Air 
Conditioning, January, 1944, p. 28.) 
Summarizes American practice in 


radiant floor heating. 

Experience shows that the easiest method of 
radiant heating is by means of hot water 
circulated through pipes in the floor, ceiling 
or walls. The floor is usually chosen, and is 
considered in the paper. The pipes are 
usualy laid in concrete slabs, which may or 
may not be in contact with the ground. The 
pipes may also be in contact with the lower 
surface of the concrete, or below it, in crushed 
gravel or stone. The thickness of the floor is 
immaterial, and installations have been satis- 
factory with floors varying from 3 to 10 in. 
thick. The recommended construction is 
6 to 8 in. of gravel under the slab, with a 
waterproofing membrane between. A sinuous 
pipe layout is best for small buildings, but 
a grid layout is more satisfactory for large 
structures. The floor should be insulated 
against downward heat loss, but it is said that 
the losses here are not so serious as had been 
thought. The venting of pipe-coils appears to 


be a matter of private opinion. About half 
the systems are gravity drained, the rest are 
not. If properly designed, the floor temperature 
will not exceed 85° F., and this is not excessive. 
Almost any floor finish may be used. Thermo- 
static control of the air temperature affords 
a Satisfactory means of control. 


QUESTIONS 


and Answers 


E Information Centre answers any 
question about architecture, building, 
or the professions and trades within 

the building industry. It does so free of 
charge, and its help is available to any 
member of the industry. Answers are sent 
direct to enquirers as soon as they have been 
prepared. The service ts confidential, and in 
no case is the identity of an enquirer 
disclosed to a third party. Questions should 
be sent to: THe ARCHITECTS’ JOURNAL, 
45, The Avenue, Cheam, Surrey. 


1503 Plaster Defects 


O Internal plaster to walls of the semi- 
~~ detached villa I occupy are giving trouble. 
All walls (except small bedroom) are distem- 
pered. There being no wallpaper, the plaster 
faults are, therefore, readily seen. 

1. In some rooms the skim finish plaster has 
cracked and blown from the main float. 
House is 12 years old and the trouble has 
occurred in the last year. Main float seems 
to be poor, dirty plaster, with black pieces 
here and there like coal. Would you say 
that I should remove all the skim finish, 
serate the main float, and re-skim with a 
good quality plaster—say Keenes, and feel 
reasonably sure that it will not blow off in 
the course of time ? 

. In principal first-floor bedroom, on internal 
party wall (distempered five years ago) dark 
stain patches arrived some months ago after 
frosty weather, and have remained. They 
are perfectly dry to the touch. What steps 
would you recommend before distempering 
again ? 

3. In the small first-floor bedroom at S.W. 
corner of house, three wet patches occur 
on inside of this cavity wall at 5 feet below 
ceiling. Each patch is about | sq. ft. in area, 
alternatively wet and dry, but always at 
same identical spots. Sometimes most wet 
when there has been no rain for days. By 
a detailed examination after removing eaves, 
etc., | am quite satisfied no damp is coming 
from outside. 


A All the defects suggest the use of faulty 

material in the plaster. The blowing of 
plaster is a typical result of using an unsound, 
slow slaking material which combines slowly 
with moisture and expands in the process. 
A surface treatment of paint helps to retain 
the moisture with the result that the failure 
usually becomes apparent at a comparatively 
early date. Distemper is less impermeable, 
however, and the expansion is often very slow 
in manifesting itself. 

Stains, also, are usually caused by the use of 
some faulty material. 

The presence of hygroscopic material would 
cause a liquid film to form on the wall surface 
at a temperature well above dew point which 
may persist under atmospheric conditions 
which are relatively dry. Chlorides of calcium 
and magnesium (constituents of sea water) 
and certain nitrates are the chief hygroscopic 
substances which cause trouble in building 
work. 

This is a clear case for analysis and we should 
advise you to send samples of the plaster to 
the Building Research Station, Garston, 
Watford, Herts, with full particulars. They 
have, of course, a great deal of experience in 
these matters, and it is just possible that they 
could diagnose the trouble from examination 
of the plaster, without analysis. 


tN 


SOCIETIES AND 


INSTITUTIONS 


Speeches and lectures delivered 
before societies, as well as 
reports of their activities, are 
dealt with under ths ttle, 
which includes trade associations, 
Government departments, Parlia- 
ment and professional socteties. 
To economise space the bodtes 
concerned are represented by their 
initials, but a glossary of abbrevia- 
tions will be found on the front 
cover. Except where inverted 
commas are used, the reports are 
summaries, and not verbatim. 


CHADWICK TRUST 
W. H. Hobday 


April 4, at the Royal Society of 
Tropical Medicine and _ Hygiene. 
Bossom Gift Lecture of the Chadwick 
Trust on SANITARY TECHNIQUE IN THE 
DESIGN OF HOSPITAL AND DOMESTIC 
Fittincs, by W. H. Hobday, F.R.1.B.A. 
Chairman: A. C. Bossom, F.R.I.B.A., M.P. 


W. H. Hobday : . We begin then with 


the general hospital. 
Although the patient is the focal point of all 
services, there is little we can deal with in 
connection with his immediate personal com- 
fort. There is his bedside locker, an essential 
and constant companion, generally of hard- 
wood, but far more sanitary in stove-enamelled 
steel. With its clean lines and stainless steel 
top one has a real good, suitable and sanitary 
job. 

So we turn to the nursing staff. If we provide 
proper apparatus the nurse will not be worried 
with having to make something do, resulting 
in untidy utility rooms, congested with 
articles they were never designed to accom- 
modate. For instance, while we have learnt 
that there are such things as mackintosh 
sheets to be washed and stored in the sink 
room, how seldom one sees provision made for 
the airing of blankets used in blanket baths. 
Give the nurse a hot towel rail, double the 
usual length, in the bathroom, and she knows 
exactly what to do with her blankets. 

Somewhere, preferably in the sink room, 
bowls for the washing of patients must be 
neatly stored. Shelves in a recess will do, but 
a cupboard that will contain linen also, such 
as cloths for covering bed-pans, will make a 
neater job. 

The labour entailed in the service of bed-pans 
is considerable, and any device to lessen it 
must be welcomed. The introduction of the 
modern washer was a great step forward, not 
the least of its many advantages being the 
reduction of the liability of nurses to throat 
infections. 


+> 0 


| 
| 


. Walker, Photo. 


TUESDAY MARKET PLACE, KING’S LYNN. 


HIS fine old house was once the town residence 

of an eminent local family but is now used as 
offices by a number of professional and commercial 
firms. Despite this fall in fortune, and the loss 
of some superb wrought iron lamp standards which 
once flanked the entrance, it still delights the 
eye. The bricks used are soft, and extremely 


porous, and only the prodigious thickness of the 
walls saves them from penetration by driving rains. 
Thin external walls, which economy has long since 
demanded, are weatherproofed by renderings of 
sand and cement made impervious with ‘PUDLO’ 
Brand waterproofer, in place of the usual undercoats 
of the internal plastering. Ask for the specification 4B. 


KERNER-GREENWOOD & COMPANY LIMITED 


ANN’S PLACE, 


KING’S LYNN 


Sole Proprietors and Manufacturers 


The word *PUDLO’ is the Registered Trade Brand of Kerner-Greenwood & Co., Ltd., by whom all articles bearing that Brand are manufactured or guaranteed, 


Tue ARCHITECTS’ JouRNAL for May 25, 1944 [xxvii 
| 
L. 4 
BRAND a 
CEMENT WATERPROOFER 


Q 


a 


MILNERS 


the safest 
on earth 


MILNERS SAFE CO. LTD., 21, HAMPSTEAD LANE, 
LONDON, N.6. Telephone: MOUntview 6655. 


74) eeling 


VECTAIR 


CONVECTION 
HEATING 


The. British Trane Co., Ltd., designers and manufacturers of 
Vectairs, would be pleased to discuss with you the application of 
this modern heating apparatus for all purposes. Write for booklet 
V/A2:—Vectair House, 52, Clerkenwell Close, London, E.C. 1. 
Telephones : Clerkenwell 6864 & 3826. 


OUE 


— 
xxViii] THe ARCHITECTs’ JOURNAL for May 25, 1944 
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There are two types of washer, that which 
stands against the face of the wall and that 


which is built into it. The former is useful 
for installing in an existing sink room, the 
latter in a new building where a brick setting 
can be provided 

With regard to the patient’s bath, this can 
be an ordinary type or with an enclosure. 
If the former, it should be movable, which 
necessitates wall cocks, and a short brass 
waste discharging into a floor channel, which 
must be of ample size. This method does away 
with the insanitary collection of fixed pipes that 
would otherwise be necessary. But it is 
important that the floor should be laid to fall 
towards the channel, in case the outlet from 
the latter becomes blocked. 

The other type is the fixed bath with en- 
closure installed at the LCC Lambeth Hospital. 
This I think makes a much better job. Make 
it a rule to provide 1 in. hot and cold services 
and 2 in. wastes to all baths, including those 
in the nurses’ home, thus giving a quick filling 
and emptying. 

Personally, I go to almost any lengths to 
avoid obstruction to the floor surface, canti- 
lever brackets being used on every possible 
occasion. This applies to such things as small 
gas-cookers, vegetable sinks, pot racks, 
shelving, wall tables, and so on. 

Another interesting fitting is the drug cup- 
board which, besides drugs, usually contains 
many other medical and surgical items. The 
capacity should be carefully considered with 
relation to the size and nature of the ward unit 
it is to serve, and its position decided upon in 
consultation with the medical superintendent 
or matron. 

In the section of the drug cupboard contain- 
ing medicines in constant use, it is a good plan 
to put narrow shelves to contain only one row 
of bottles. This can be supplemented by racks 
on the inside of the doors, thus simplifying 
the nurse’s search for the right bottle. Keep 
all shelving, whether in cupboards or on walls, 
} in. to 1 in. clear of the wall at the back to 
facilitate dusting. 

A combination fitting in the sister’s office of 
a 20-bed paying patients’ ward, is in polished 
mahogany. At the top is the poison cupboard 
with stove enamelled metal interior. Drug 
cupboards are provided elsewhere. In the 
centre is a rack for charts, at the bottom a 
store cupboard with movable shelves. In 
use it was found that a space for inserting the 
names of patients over the charts would have 
been helpful. 

In connection with the urine testing cabinet 
you must provide a work bench or table. This 
should be covered with vitrolite, as the 
chemicals in use stain wood badly. The table 
is best carried on cantilever brackets. 

The built-in instrument cabinet and shelf for 
drums are important items. In one case the 
latter was of polished anodium on which lay 
a } in. pale green rubber pad. This reduced 
noise to a minimum and was easily taken off 
and scrub! 

One or two points about the sterilizing room. 
Note that every piece of equipment is carried 
on cantilever brackets, there being no ob- 
structive legs. Over each battery of sterilizers 
there is a wired plate-glass hood, from which 
steam must be mechanically extracted. To 
provide an opening in the outer wall in the 
hope that the steam will escape through it 
naturally, is quite useless. Another small 
but essential item is the chromium plated 
gutter under the bottom edge of each hood 
to receive the condensation water, and save 
it from dripping on the nurses. Each has a 
~y outlet pipe carried through the outer 
wall. 

One or two small points might be mentioned. 
The first is pipe ducts. It is important that 
these should be adequately ventilated by 
vertical flues at intervals, or by some other 
means. This not only to keep the air sweet 
and clean, but to prevent condensation on the 
underside of the floor above. If this occurs 
it may saturate the concrete and cause trouble 
with the floor covering. The second point. 
To avoid disfiguring an important .elevation 
with soil and waste pipes, they can be run 


Other speakers : 


inside the building. When this is done, how- 
ever, it is important that access eyes should be 
provided on the external face. With a soil 
pipe blocked at the foot, imagine the disastrous 
results of removing the cap of an access eye 
inside a ground floor room. Although almost 
incredible, I have known this occur. 

Fifty years ago I 


Sir W. Collins : had to consider the 


question of the lining of the walls of an 
operating theatre. I decided that the fewer 
the excrescences on the wall the better so that 
there could be no place on which dust could 
rest. I used glass tiles granulated at the back 
so as to key on to the plaster, and this material 
has stood for years. You can almost hit it 
with a hammer without cracking the glass. It 
is absolutely non-absorbent and _ easily 


cleaned 

- A hospital to be effec- 
F. R. Hiorns * tive requires the most 
careful attention to details: Every working 
detail is important, and on account of the 
purpose it has to serve it must be scrupulously 
designed in what might be called minimum 
terms. Excess of equipment should be avoided. 
The avoidance of lodgments for dust and of 
supports that hinders the effective cleaning of 
the floor are of extreme importance. In the 
operating theatre there should be no oppor- 
tunity for the lodgment of germs. I have 
myself used a lining material the basis of 
which consists of a hard plaster. This was 
sprayed with a form of paint which set with a 
surface as hard as china. This material is 
known as cement glass, and enables the walls 
and ceiling of the operating theatre to be 
finished with no suggestion of a joint; the 
whole thing can be washed down and the 
extreme of cleanliness ensured. 


GLACSA 
Conference 


Mayj8, at the’ HouseYof Commons. 
Annual General Meeting and Confer- 
ence of the Greater London Advisory 
Council for Smoke Abatement 
Post-WAR SMOKE PREVENTION 
GREATER LONDON. Address by H. V. 
Willink, K.c., M.P., Minister of Health. 
H. T. Perry, Chief 
Sanitary Inspector, Kingston; H. G. 
Clinch, Chief Sanitary Inspector, West 
Ham ; Arnold Marsh, Secretary of the 
National Smoke Abatement Society. 


- The question of a smokeless 
A. M ar. sh * central area has received 
the approval of the Manchester City Council 
and, but for the war, that city would have 
established the first smokeless zone in the 
country. I suggest that the new buildings to 
be erected in London City area after the war 
should be smokeless and that they should not 
be forced to suffer rapid degradation by 
erosion and blackening from their smoke- 
emitting neighbours. 
The whole of the City of London, and parts 
of Westminster and Holborn, would be an 
area of adequate size for the experiment and 
would include most of the heart of the 
metropolis. In it are the principal buildings, 
streets and squares, and the centres of 
Government in and around Whitehall, the 
open coal fire smoke of which has been 
notorious in the past. If this zone were 
rendered smokeless it would give a magnificent 
opportunity to the architects and town- 
planners to re-design the damaged parts of 
the cit 
It will be necessary to prohibit open fires in 
all new buildings other than dwellings. In 
other non-industrial buildings all heating and 
cooking would, without question, be fully 
smokeless. Such procedure, already widely 


Tue ARcHITECTs’ JOURNAL for May 25, 1944 |395 


used in other parts of the world, would not 
prescribe the type of fuel or appliance to be 
used, but would only ensure that what was 
used was suitable, efficient and smokeless. 

Existing smoke-producing ‘premises will find 
it necessary to go over to the use of smokeless 
fuels, or instal suitable equipment. If it proves 
to be necessary the cost of such changes could 
be helped by grants from the local authority 
as is done in the case of changes in the sanitation 
system. 

Such smokeless zones, adopted at the same 
time in other parts, should not be regarded 
as final objectives representing isolated areas 
in a sea of smoke. Rather are they the initial 
phases of a development that, by progressive 
expansion, would’ in due course lead to the 
joining together of the separate areas until 
the whole of Greater London has become 
smokeless. 


WACSF 


Discussion 


April 28, at the Good Housekeeping 
Institute. Discussion.convened by the 
Women’s Advisory Committee on Solid 
Fuel on PREFABRICATED HOUSES AND 
THE USE OF SOLID FUEL BURNING 
APPLIANCES. Chairman: the Hon. 


Lady}jEgerton. 
(of Uni-Seco Structures) : 

written about prefabrication in recent months 
and people are slowly developing some 
appreciation of the limitations and possibilities 
of factory produced houses. A good deal of 
educational work is still required ; for instance, 
a prominent engineer recently said that to 
take full advantage of prefabrication solid 
fuel will have to be disposed with and heating 
and cooking carried out by gas, electricity or 
oil. My company has supplied hundreds of 
prefabricated buildings at factories, ship yards, 
farms and military establishments and in all 
these solid fuel burning appliances of different 
types have been installed. Our system is 
based on what is known as the unit system of 
construction, having a basic unit 7 ft. high by 
3 ft. wide to which can be added smaller units 
bearing a carefully defined mathematical 
relationship. By selecting the appropriate 
types of roof and wall units, it is thus possible 
to erect a building following any architect’s 
plan ranging from a single room to a two- 
storey house or a large factory building. The 
components have very high insulating value 
which contributes to the economical use of 
fuel. The smallest building so far erected 
has been a telephone box and the largest a 
canteen for feeding three thousand people at 
one sitting. The importance of providing solid 
fuel appliances for the post-war home must be 
stressed ; proper co-operation between manu- 
facturer and builder is needed to establish 
suitable sizes and types. 

(of Smith & Well- 


R. E. Maxwell: is impor. 


tant to give every householder efficient and 
well-designed cooking and heating appliances 
instead of regarding prime cost as the first con- 
sideration. The practice of buying appliances on 
a basis of cost without any regard to their per- 
formance has been the principal reason why 
manufacturers have not been encouraged to pro- 
duce grates and cookers which make the best 
use of the desirable features of solid fuel burning 
appliances. Families who were able to afford 
to do so had in pre-war years installed space- 
heating stoves which would keep alight day 
and night, and which were cheap to run and 
easy to clean. In the kitchen they might have 
a modern solid fuel burning cooker which 
would heat the water, warm the room, do the 
cooking and air the clothes with one source 
of heat. It is more important to spend a little 
extra money in giving housewives up-to-date 
and proper appliances, which are at the same 


) 
ie 
& 
= 
3 
: 


396] 


time economical in fuel, and not to fill the house 
with gadgets at the expense of basic needs. 

- The requirements of solid 
J. S. Hales * fuel burning appliances 
for an adequate flue to take away products of 
combustion often present an apparent difficulty 
when dealing with prefabricated houses. The 
provision of at least one such flue can, how- 
ever, be made to fit in with any prefabricated 
construction, particularly where a centralized 
system for the plumbing and other services 
are provided. Moreover, means can be pro- 
vided for tapping off some of the heat from 
the flue for warming other rooms, and thus 
raising the efficiency of the use of solid fuel 
generally. Under these conditions and given 
the improved solid fuel burning appliances, 
not only can the standard of heating be greatly 
increased, but the cost of supply of that heat 
can be within the means of the lowest income 
groups. In the construction of flues many 
considerations have to be taken into account 
to ensure satisfactory operation and life, but 
these can be met by correct design. 


RIBA 
Architects’ Fees 


Local authorities throughout England 
have been advised by the Ministry of 
Health of the urgent need for providing 
the maximum amount of housing 
accommodation at the earliest possible 
moment, both by the repair of WAR 
DAMAGED PROPERTY AND THE REQUI- 
SITIONING OF Houses which may be 
reconditioned or in some cases may be 
converted into flats. Scales of architects 
fees for this work have now been 
issued by the RIBA. Where local 
authorities find it necessary to engage 
the services of architects in private 
practice, the fees in respect of war 
damage repairs and work of a similar 
character will continue to be those laid 
down in MOH Circular 2720. In the 
case of conversion of dwelling-houses 
into flats, the Council of the RIBA, 
after consultation with the Ministry of 
Health, has approved a scale of fees. 
Here are the scales for both classes of 
work : 


War DaMaGE REPAIRS 
Fees for War Damage Repair Work for Local 
Authorities: Extract from Ministry of 
Health Circular 2720 to Housing Authorities 
(Engiand). Part Il: Professional Fees. 

6. The fees now payable by local authorities 
for professional services in connection with 
the first-aid repair of houses damaged by 
enemy action are laid down in Memorandum 
IIA 16, dated December 28, 1939. This 
Memorandum provides that a fee of 10s. per 
hour shall be paid for principals’ and senior 
assistants’ time, this to include any necessary 
office expenses and clerical assistance. 

As local authorities will appreciate, there 
was at the time no real data on which to base 
a scale of remuneration for this work and the 
fee prescribed was the best estimate that 
could then be made. It has been found by 
experience that the cost of work at these fees 
varies within wide limits and that very uneven 
results have been produced. The matter has 
been under consideration in consultation with 
the War Damage Commission and the RIBA : 
and the Minister has decided that a revised 
code should in future be applied. This is 
substantially the same as that recently issued 
for use by persons other than local authorities 
by the War Damage Commission after con- 
sultation with the RIBA, the Chartered 
Surveyors’ Institution and the Auctioneers’ 
and Estate Agents’ Institute. This code so far 


Tue ARCHITECTS’ JOURNAL for May 25, 1944 


as it affects the operations of local authorities 
is as follows :— 
Scale of Fees 

(1) For preparing a specification of works 
(or equivalent document); for obtaining 
tenders and/or arranging a contract where 
necessary ; and for general supervision and 
execution of the works and certifying for 
payments and completion :— 

(a) 5 per cent. on the first £500 of the cost 
with a minimum fee of £1 Is. Od. (or a 
minimum fee of £5 5s. Od. where the 
work affects the structural stability of the 
building or involves reinstatement or 
repair of features of architectural or 
artistic interest). 

(b) 44 per cent. on the next £500 of the cost. 

(c) 4 per cent. on the next £500 of the cost. 
(d) 33 per cent. on the balance of the cost. 
(2) An appropriate specification, or equiva- 
lent document, conveying to the builder clear 
directions as to the work to be carried out 
must be prepared befofe or at the time when 
the works: are put in hand, and the person 
charging the fees must certify that he has 
fully performed the services described. 

(3) If, in any exceptional case, it is desired to 
utilize the services of a quantity surveyor, the 
proposal must be referred to the Senior 
Regional Officer of the Ministry of Health for 
prior approval. If it is agreed that such 
services are needed, fees will be allowed, in 
addition, on the normal professional scale. 

(4) The above fees are exclusive of travelling 
expenses and other reasonable disbursements 
and of the wages of a clerk of works. 

(5) The above fees are inclusive of the fees 
of any consultant or specialist engineer by 
whom the architect or surveyor may wish to 
be advised. 

(6) The scale of fees shall be applied by 
reference to the aggregate cost of work done 
under each.contract between the local authority 
and the contractor or builder. 

(7) It will be observed that the scale of fees 
makes no provision for the employment of an 
architect to make a detailed survey of buildings 
or to prepare or check working drawings. In 
the Minister’s view, it will very seldom be 
necessary as regards the repair of war damage 
to house property, including blocks of flats, 
for local authorities to resort to an arrangement 
of this kind. If, in exceptional circumstances, 
the local authority wish to make such an 
arrangement in relation, e.g., to block 
dwellings, an application for prior approval 
should be submitted to the Senior Regional 
Officer, accompanied by a full statement of 
the facts. The Senior Regional Officer will, if 
the application is approved, advise on the 
appropriate scale of remuneration. 

(8) The Minister desires to make it clear that 
the fees referred to in the above Scale are 
maximum fees and that where outside pro- 
fessional assistance is not used for the whole 
of the work there described, the local authority 
should consider what reduction in the Scale 
would be appropriate, having regard to the 
nature of the work and the existence of any 
special difficulties it may present. 


EMERGENCY CONVERSION OF DWELLING- 
HOUSES INTO FLATS 
Scale of Fees for the Emergency Conversion of 
Dwelling-Houses into Flats by Local 
Authorities. 

After consultation with the Ministry of 
Health, the Council of the RIBA has approved 
the following scale of fees for the emergency 
conversion of dwelling-houses into flats by 
local authorities. 

(1) For making detailed survey of the 
building :— 

Principal’s time £5 5s. Od. a day 
Senior Assistant’s time 
Junior Assistant’s time nin. 

Note.—Senior assistants to mean assistants 
receiving £6 6s. Od. a week and upwards ; 
junior assistants, those receiving up to 
£6 6s. Od. a week. 

(2) For preparing working drawings and 
specifications of the works (or equivalent 
document); where necessary, obtaining 
tenders and/or arranging a contract: for 


general supervision of the execution of the 


works and certifying for payments y and 
completion : 
10 per cent. on works costing up to £500 


with a minimum fee of £10 10s. Od. 
9 per cent. on works costing between £500 
and £1,000 with a minimum fee of £50. 
8 per cent. on works costing between £1,000 
and £1,500 with a minimum fee of £90. 
7 per cent. on works costing between £1,500 
and £2,000 with a minimum fee of £120. 
6 per cent. on works costing over £2,000 
with a minimum fee of £140. 

(3) The above fees are exclusive of travelling 
expenses and other reasonable disbursements 
and the fees under (1) are in addition to those 
under (2). 

(4) The above fees are exclusive of the wages 
of a clerk of works. 

(5) The above fees are exclusive of those for 
quantity surveying services. If such services 
are required, fees will be allowed, in addition, 
on the normal professional scale. 

Fees for quantity surveying services will be 
allowed where the works cost more than 
£1,000, and where these services are rendered 
by a Quantity Surveyor or a firm of Quantity 
Surveyors practising as such, not being the 
person or firm rendering the services described 
in paragraph 2 of the scale above. 

Provided only that where the person or 
firm who has rendered the services described 
in paragraph 2 of the scale above in the 


capacity of Architect, is also in regular 
practice as Quantity Surveyor, fees for 
Quantity Surveying services may also be 


allowed where the certificate that these latter 
services have been performed is signed by the 
person (stating his qualifications) who has 
actually rendered such services, and also by 
the principal or firm with which he is connected. 

(6) The above fees are inclusive of the fees 
of any consultant or specialist engineer by 
whom the architect or surveyor may wish to 
be advised. 

(7) The fees are to be calculated on the cost 
of the building work carried out to a property 
or properties for which one set of drawings 
and one specification have been prepared. In 
the event of a group of similar properties being 
dealt with by the same Architect and where one 
set of drawings and one specification are 
supplied for the whole of the properties then 
the scale may be applied by reference to the 
aggregate cost of the work. 

(8) The fees for abandoned work for which 
professional services have been rendered shall 
be calculated by reference to the RIBA Scale 
of Charges, Clause 2 (e) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv). 


ABS 
Annual 


Meeting 


April 26. Annual general meeting of 
the Architects’ Benevolent Society at 
the RIBA. 


The President, Mr. Percy E. Thomas, 0.B.E., 
P.R.LB.A., in moving the adoption of the 
Report, Statement of Accounts and Balance 
Sheet, said that, although the general position 
of the Society was satisfactory, the Council 
were not able to give grants which would be 
really adequate for the times, in view of the 
increased cost of living. They could not do 
so until greater help was received from members 
generally. The response to the Half-Crown 
Appeal was the highest yet received up to date, 
but still only represented one-tenth of the 
profession. The President hoped that the 
other nine-tenths would come forward to 
support the Society and so help its work. 

Captain H. S. Goodhart-Rendel, Hon. 
Treasurer, in presenting the Accounts and 
Balance Sheet, drew attention to a new form 
of donation received by the Society—National 
Savings Certificates. The Society was entitled 
to hold these and they were a form of donation 
which might prove invaluable as a reserve for 
post-war difficulties. He hoped that this 


a 


PRISONERS OF WAR STUDY FOR EXAMINATIONS 


Tue ArcuiTects’ JouRNAL for May 25, 1944 [xxix 


WILL YOU HELP THEM? 


Two Pilot Officers in a German prison camp have 
recently passed the Intermediate Examination of the 
Royal Institute of British Architects. Hundreds of other 
prisoners are preparing for examinations, or have already 
taken them, in Architecture, Surveying, Town Planning, 
Engineering and many other subjects. 


Far from home, deprived of physical freedom, often 
without quiet or privacy for study, these men are pre- 
paring now for the tasks of post-war reconstruction. The 
Educational Books Section of the Red Cross and St. John 
are doing everything possible to help them. But many 
of the books needed by the prisoner-students are difficult 
to obtain. So will you help as well? Please see if 
you have any of the books listed, or books of similar 
type. They should be in good condition to stand the 
journey and unmarked to meet censorship regulations. 


BOOKS NEEDED BY PRISONERS OF WAR 


MITCHELL: Building Construction. Vols. | and Il. 


FLETCHER: History of Architecture. 
ADAMS: Elements of Concrete Design. 
BLAKE: Drainage and Sanitation. 
OVERTON: Heating and Ventilating. 


Books on Technical Drawing and Draughtsmanship. 


PALMER: Practical Upholstery. 


! 
PATMORE: Modern Furnishing and Decoration. | 


IONIDES: Colour in Everyday Rooms. 
HOLMES: Colour in Interior Decoration. 


QUENNELL: Everyday Things in England (any vols.). 

FABER & BOWIE: Reinforced Concrete Design. 2 vols. 

JAGGARD & DRURY: Architectural Building Construction. 3 vols. 
FOWLER: Architects’ Builders’ and Contractors’ Pocket Book. | 


PLEASE SEND YOUR BOOKS TO 


The Secretary, Educational EBooks Section, Prisoners of War, marking the parcel ‘‘ FOR GENERAL USE.” 


RED CROSS & ST. JOHN WAR ORGANISATION 


THE NEW BODLEIAN, OXFORD 


(Red Cross & St. John Fund — Registered under th: Wer Charities Act, 1940.) 


This space has been given to the Red Cross by 


THE CRITTALL MANUFACTURING CO. LTD. = 


| | 
| } 
nS 
| 
fi 
| 


xxx] THE ARCHITECTS’ JOURNAL for May 25, 1944 


reserve might grow as a result of further 
donations of the same kind. 

Mr. Percy Thomas was re-elected President, 
and other Officers and Members of the Council 
were elected as follows: Vice-Presidents : 
Sir Harry S. E. Vanderpant, Hon. A.R.1.B.A. ; 
Sir Banister (Flight) Fletcher, pP.P.R.1.B.A. ; 
Sir Charles A. Nicholson, Bart., F.R.1.B.A. ; 
H. Greville Montgomery, Hon. A.R.1.B.A. ; 
Captain H. S. Goodhart-Rendel, P.P'R.1.B.A. ; 
W. H. Ansell, M.c., P.P.R.1.B.A. 

Hon. Treasurer: Captain H. S. Goodhart- 
Rendel. Hon. Secretary: Sir Charles A. 
Nicholson, Bart. Hon. Auditors: Sir H. S. E. 
Vanderpant and Charles Woodward. 

Members of Council : S. H. Hamp, F.R.1.B.A. ; 
C. H. Holden, F.R.1.8.A.; A. H. Moberly, 
F.R.L.B.A.; F. Winton Newman, F.R.I.B.A. ; 
S. Tatchell, F.R.1.B.A.; Maxwell Ayrton, 
F.R.LB.A. ; Romilly Craze, F.R.1.B.A. ; P. 
Milne, F.R.1.B.A.; Michael Waterhouse, F.R.1.B.A.; 
F. R. Hiorns, F.R.1.B.A.; J. Alan Slater, F.R.1.B.A.; 
L. Sylvester Sullivan, F.R.1.B.A.; Charles 
Woodward, a.R.1.B.A.; S. Phillips Dales, 
F.R.L.B.A.; Francis Jones, F.R.1.B.A.; C. M. 
Hadfield, F.R.1.B.A. ; t Bird, F.R.1.B.A. ; 
Arthur C. Russell, L.r.1.B.a.; B. M. Ward, 
F.R.1.B.A.; Cecil Burns, F.R.1.B.A.; J. R. 
Leathart, F.R.1.B.A.; Vincent Burr, L.R.I.B.A. ; 
F. G. Sainsbury, L.R.1.B.A. ; E. Hadden Parkes, 
F.R.1.B.A. ; John Beloff. 


LMBA 
H. C: Harland 


May 11, at the Edinburgh Rotary 
Club. Speech by H. C. Harland, 
President of the London Master 
Builders’ Association. 

war, 
H. C. Harland : Work 
Order must go and unnecessary control of 
materials disappear, if we are to have cheaper 


houses. On the return of younger men from 
the Forces the hourly output will increase. 
With the disappearance of Government inter- 
ference between employers and employed 
there will be increased confidence, which will 
result in a greater will to work for the ultimate 
benefit of all who require housing. A spirit 
of competition between prefabricators, who 
threaten to build houses quicker and more 
cheaply, and the builders of real houses with 
great experience. behind them will result in 
stepping up production and thus reducing 
costs. 

As to wages, they may go up or down, but 
there must be some relation between output 
and the hourly rate of pay. Any agreement for 
a bonus on output is not a matter for Govern- 
ment arrangement, but for mutual agreement 
between the members of the team working 
together to produce what all men need, 
namely, homes, and I am confident that with 
the disappearance of the present spirit of 
profligacy which the war has produced, we 
may expect costs to be standardized at some 
50 per cent. above the pre-war level, which 
would result in the £500 house costing some- 
where about £750. 

As to the post-war house, much has been 
said and written about prefabrication. Every- 
thing in the ordinary house is already pre- 
fabricated, even the common walling materials 
to which we have become so accustomed. 

I have seen a Portal steel house, and I am 
sure it will meet a great need, especially in 
housing people on the Continent of Europe, 
and it will have to be put up with by many 
requiring houses in this country. Externally, 
it is more or less a tin box, or, shall I say, a 
motor body minus wheels, but internally it 
looks quite good, and it will be Home to 
many who await the real houses which every- 
one will want, but which simply cannot be 
produced. Steel houses should be produced 
quickly in factories switching over from war 
production of light steel construction, and as 
temporary measure will be hailed as a boon 
and a blessing to men. 


There are other formsYof so-called pre- 
fabricated buildings and[my own feeling is 
that, where these forms of construction 
compare reasonably in cost with normal con- 
struction, do not employ building trade labour 
which will be required on permanent. con- 
struction, and can be erected on the site with 
considerable saving in man-hours, the country 
will have to accept them as a temporary 
measure to give us houses and more houses 
against the millions that will be required. 

No one wants these temporary prefabricated 
articles which will never fit comfortably into 
our countryside or -our new town-planned 
housing schemes, but it will be a case of 
Hobson’s choice, and for this reason we will 
accept them as being inevitable. 

As to permanent construction, there will be 
many varieties of concrete construction for 
walls to overcome shortage of stone and masons 
and of bricks and bricklayers. But these 
permanent alternative methods will go on 
side by side with stone- and brick-built houses 
employing craftsmen, and will be camouflaged 
by rough cast and cement render so that they 
will fit into any scheme. All these are tried 
and tested forms of construction. Let us see 
to it that all these houses are architectural in 
appearance, are spacious and have all necessary 
plain fittings economically possible so that 
those occupying them can afford the rents and 
enjoy their comfort and amenities. 


ANNOUNCEMENT 


Mr. Victor L. Johnson, A.R.1.B.A., has com- 
menced practice at 88, Staines Road, Twicken- 
ham. (POPesgrove 3288), where he will be 
pleased to receive Trade Catalogues, etc. 


CORRECTION 


On page 344 of the A.J. for May 11, the 
caption under the heading Utility Home should 
read “*. . . over 2,000 of these houses a week*” 
and not “. . . over 20,000... .”’. 


Post-war plans for 
EMERGENCY 
LIGHTING 


When provision for Emergency Lighting is embodied in 
architect’s plans, economy and better results are achieved. 
When post-war plans are in hand you should consult 
Chloride, who have had more experience of this kind of 
Moreover, they are the 


work than any other company. 


patentees of KEEPALITE—the equipment which instantly 
and automatically ‘ switches on,’ should the mains fail. 


Chlorid 


THE CHLORIDE ELECTRICAL STORAGE COMPANY LTD., 
Grosvenor Gardens House, Grosvenor Gardens, London, S.W.1 


WE, 


NORTHAMPTON 


Town and County Benefit 


BUILDING SOCIETY 


Established 1848 


This Society is willing to 
make a substantial advance 
towards the purchase of 
your house, repayable by 
easy monthly instalments on 
unsurpassed terms 


THERE IS NO BETTER BUILDING SOCIETY 


Write for Prospectus without obligation to 
H. PRESTON, Secretary, ABINGTON STREET 


NORTHAMPTON 


1. What 
majority 
the plan | 
give an 1n 
exclusive 
mass app 


2. If a pe 
materials 
standardi 
appeal ? 
counter 
lettering 


3. Isany 


In addi 
governit 
These a 
& Shele 
making 
opinion. 
trollers, 
make a 
is at yo 


PUBL 


Works & 
Te 


Loughbor 


| 
= 
= 


1. What is the income of the 
majority of customers — i.e. should 
the plan of the shop be designed to 
give an impression of high class and 
exclusive trade or one of popular, 
mass appeal ? 

2. If a popular type of store, what 


in any department? This can _ be 
formed by the use of storage and dis- 
play cases and is usually best 
arranged on upper“floors away from 
main circulation. 


4. Is the volume of business spread 
evenly over the week, or are there 


THe ARCHITECTS’ JOURNAL for May 25, 1944  [xxxi 


| WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF SHOP DESIGN? 


doors and the lifts and escalators ? 
i.e. should customers be encouraged 
to pass through the store to reach 
lifts, etc. ? How should emergency 
exits be arranged in relation to 
lifts, stairs, etc. ? 

6. Will lifts, escalators, or both 


TAKE, FOR EXAMPLE, THE 
QUESTIONS THAT ARISE 
FROM INTERIOR LAYOUT: 


8. What arrangements are to be 
made for intake and storage o! 
merchandise and for dispatch — use 
of side street or internal court with- 
in the shop—connection to base- 
ment by chutes and conveyors? 


9. What size of display area is re- 
quired ? Is it to be continuous or 
broken up ? 


10. What methods of lighting ? Pe 
of fluorescent ns. Use of re- 
cessed or sunk fitti 


special peak periods for which pro- 
vision must be made in the form 
appeal? i.e. for door surrounds, of wide circulation space and addi- 
counter tops, display cases and tional entrances and exits 

set bering 5. What is the most ractical re- 
3. Isany degree of privacy essential lationship between the entrance 


materials best lend themselves to 
standardisation without losing eye departments the particular 
store’s business — how should space 
be allocated and divided? In this 
case space has been allowed close 
to entrance. 


In addition to these points consideration should be given to any special requirements _ 
governing the height of display areas and the siting of cash service. 

These and other questions are being studied now by the Shop Survey Division of Harris 
& Sheldon Ltd., in connection with post-war probl of rebuilding old shops and 
making new ones. The Shop Survey Division collects, and is assembling constantly, 
opinions, facts and views on shop planning from shop owners, managers, stock con- 
trollers, display men and all people connected with the business of retail selling. We 
make a study of the tradition, history and trend of shop design, and our knowledge 
is at your service. 


~ 


PUBLISHED BY THE sHOP SURVEY Division OF _ HARRIS SHELDON LIMITED 


MAKERS OF SHOPS 


rd Street, Birmingham, 4. Telephone: Central 7101. London ew ol 7, Setete Seem. FOR STEEL EQUIPMENT—SANKEY-SHELDON 


Works & Head Office : 
asgow Office : 94, Milles Street: Manchester Office: leaf Street, M 


Telephone : Gh 
Loughborough Office : Woodgate. 


q 
| AN iat if 9 | 
RS SRS H/T? 
~ [SP || 
|| 
| 
Ps 
KS 
| 


xxxii] THe ARcuHiTEcts’ JouRNAL for May 25, 1944 


CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS 

Advertisements should be addressed te the Advt. 
Manager, ‘‘ The Architects’ Journal.” War Address : 
45 The Avenue, Cheam, Surrey, and should reach there 
by first post on Monday morning for inclusion in the 
following Thursday’s paper. 

Replies to Box Numbers should be addressed 
care af “* The Architects’ Journal.” War Address : 
45 The Avenue, Cheam, Surrey. 


Public and Official 
Six lines or under, 8s.; each additional line, 1s. 

The Incerporated Association of Architects and 
Surveyors maintains a register of qualified architects 
and surveyors (including assistants) requiring posts, 
and invites applications from public authorities and 
ivate practitioners having staff vacancies. Address : 
5 Eaton Place, London, S.W.1. Tel. : Sloane 5615 
991 


CORNWALL COUNTY COUNCIL 


Applications are invited for the appointment of Two 
Senior Architectural Assistants in the County Architect’s 
Department, at an annual salary from £460 to £500 
according to qualifications and experience. 

Forms of application may be obtained from the 
County Architect, County Hall, Truro, to whom 
Png must be sent not later than Saturday, the 

June, 1944, accompanied by copies of: three recent 
testimonials. 
L. P.. NEW, 
County Hall, Clerk of the County Council. 


Truro. 
10th May, 1944. 640 


COUNTY COUNCIL OF DOWN 
(NORTHERN IRELAND). 


The Council of the Administrative County of Down 
invites applications for the position of County Planning 
Officer for the pre ation of a Planning Scheme for the 
County Rural arefs, the Scheme to be co-ordinated with 
those of the several Borough and Urban Di8trict Councils 
in the County, and the person appointed, or his Assistants, 
may be called upon to prepare Schemes for certain of the 
Urban Districts. 

He will also be required to discharge all duties in 
connection with Interim Development Orders. 

Salary at the rate of £1,000 per annum, with travelling 
expenses at Civil Service scale. Motor car to be provided 
and used by the Officer. 

Applicants must possess the following qualifications : 
He must be a Fellow, Associate or Member of one of the 
following :— 

The Royal Institute of British Architects ; 

The Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland ; 

The Institution of Civil Engineers ; 

Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland ; 

The Institution of Municipal and County Engineers ; or 

The Chartered Surveyors’ Institution, 
in addition, he must be at least an Associate Member of 
the Town Planning Institute, and have had practical 
planning experience. 

Employment (probable duration at least three years) 
will be of a whole-time nature, terminable by three 
months’ notice, in writing, on either side, and the appoint- 
ment is subject to the sanction of the Ministry of Home 
Affairs. 

Selected candidates will have to attend for interview ; 
vouched expenses being allowed, and the. person 
appointed will be required to enter into an agreement 
prepared by the County Solicitor. 

Applications, in writing, giving full age and particulars 
of qualifications and previous experience, together with 
copies of three recent testimonials, will be received by the 
undersigned not later than TUESDAY, 30th MAY, i944. 
HARVEY, 


Courthouse, ” Secretary, County Council. 
Downpatrick, N.1. 
12th May, 1944. 642 


CITY OF MANCHESTER. 
TEMPORARY TOWN PLANNING ASSISTANTS. 


Applications are invited for Temporary Senior Appoint- 
ments in the Planning Section of the City Surveyor’s 
Department, at basic salaries ranging from £400 per 
annum to £600 per annum, plus appropriate cost of 
living adjustment ranging from £49 8s. to £40 6s. 

The successful applicants will be expected to have 
technical qualifications and town planning experience 
which would readily enable them to take charge of 
different aspects of Town Planning work involved in 
the preparation of draft proposals for the reconstruction 
of built-up areas. 

Applications endorsed ‘‘ Temporary Town Planning 
Assistant,” stating age, present occupation and salary, 
previous experience and qualifications, and accompanied 
by copies of three recent testimonials, should be delivered 
to the undersigned not later than 3rd June, 1944. 


DCOCK, 
Town Hall, Town Clerk. 
Manchester. 645 


SOMERSET COUNTY COUNCIL. 
COUNTY ARCHITECT’S DEPARTMENT. 


Applications invited for the appointment of 
xporary Class II Architectural Assistants in the 
yove-named Department. The salaries will be within 
the scale of £310 per annum by annual increments of 
to £350 per annum, the commencing salaries to be 


nined by 
juivalent to 


1 ing hours adopted 
us, will alsc be made. 

didate will be required to pass a 
by the County Medical Officer of 
Stating age, training, experience, 
_— m in regard to Military Service 


th of time required to take up new appointment, 
t ther with copies of three recent te sstimoni ils should 
ng sent to the undersigned not later than Saturday, the 
3rd June, 1944 


R. O. HARRIS, a.R.1.B.A., 
County Architect. 
Park Street, 
Taunton. 646 


COUNTY COUNCIL OF DUMFRIES. 
COUNTY ARCHITECT. 


The council invite applications for the appointment of 
County Architect. Applicants must be fully qualified 
and registered architects, and should also be qualified 
to supervise the measurement and scheduling of building 
works and the re-measurement of such works. 

The salary will be at the rate of £800, rising by annual 
increments of £25 to £1,000 per annum, with such war 
or other bonus as may from time to time be payable. 
He will receive a mileage allowance for use on official 
duty of a motor car provided by him. 

The appointment will be subject to the Local Govern- 
ment Superannuation (Scotland) Act, 1937. 

Further particulars and form of application may be 
obtained from the undersigned with whom applications 
(on the prescribed form) must be lodged not later than 
noon of Friday, 2nd June, 1944. 

Canvassing directly or indirectly will be a disqualifi- 
cation, 

JOHN ROBSON, 
County Clerk. 
County Buildings, 


Dumfries. 
16th May, 1944. 647 
CITY OF EDUCATION 
COMMITTEE. 


SOUTHERN COLLEGE ; OF ART (PORTSMOUTH 
ENTRE). 


Principal: E. E, PULLEE, a.r.c.a: 


FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE. 


EVACUATED TO NORTH WALLS, WINCHESTER. 
Required for September full-time Lecturer and Studio 
Instructor. Candidates should be Fellows or Associates 
of the R.I.B.A., and preferably graduates of a recognised 
School of Architecture with some professional experience. 
Teaching experience an advantage but not essential. 
Salary Burnham Provincial Art scale (plus War Bonus). 
Increments may be allowed for approved time spent 
in industry or professional work up to maximum of 10 
years. Further particulars and form of application may 
be obtained from The Registrar, College of Art, The 
Municipal College, Portsmouth. Applications should be 
submitted by 8th June, 1944. 
E. G. BARNARD, 
Chief Education Officer. 
649 


Architectural Appointments Vacant 


Four lines or under, 4s. ; each additional line, 1s. 

Wherever possible prospective employers are urged 
to give in their advertisement full information about 
the duty and responsibilities involved, the location 
of the office, and the salary offered. The inclusion 
of the Advertiser's name in lieu of a box number is 
welcomed. 


ARCHITECTURAL ASSISTANTS REQUIRED: 

(a) Senior Assistant ; to prepare schemes, perspectives, 
working drawings and details, site-surveys, etc., 
A.R.1.B.A. or equivalent. 

(0) Junior Assistant; to prepare working drawings 
and details under supervision, assist on surveys, 
etc. Inter A.R.I.B.A. standard. 

Applicants must be keen, energetic and capable of 

original work. Midlands area, permanency with good 

prospects to the right applicants. Apply in writing, 
stating age, qualifications, brief fesume of training and 
professional experience, salary required and liability 
for National Service to Box 637. [Chartered Architects]. 


Classified Advertisements continued on page xxxiv. 


ONC 
PER 


See Information Sheet Nos. 41! 414.8 415 Cop es may be obtained 
from GEORGE ELLISON FERRY BARR BRMINGHAM, 228 


Wm. OLIVER & SONS, Ltd. 
(of Bunhill Row), 12/13 Bow Lane, E.C.4 


HARDWOODS 
SOFTWOODS 


Quota Merchants for 


NATIONAL STOCK 


HOME GROWN 


STEELWORK BY- 


SWAN — HANWORTH, 


Feltham 3007" 2367 “Remnant Feltham."* 


MIXERS - VEGETABLE PEEL 
POTATO CHIP CUTTERS. 
MEAT MACHINERY =< ETC. 


AND MANUFACTURED THROUGHOUT BY 


NTIFICALLY gy 


AND REVIVERS 


WAXED KRAFT cucaresr 
E 
Coun plus S.E.i5 
| U, la IW 
| 
| 
=> 
& SONS 
| 
are ¢ 
| PROTECTION \ 
| 
Gi 
HIRI YNAMO & CRYPTO L ROTAP post- 
J — ACTON LANE WILLESDEN N W 10 reLEPHONE: WILLESDEN 6363 ——Q 
trap. 


TOMORROW 


When reconstruction begins it will be the aim and 
duty of the Abbey National Building Society 
loyally to co-operate with the Government, so that 
homes modern in design, satisfactory in quality, 
and unexceptionable in appearance and siting, are 
brought within the reach of all. 


ABBEY NATIONAL 


BUILDING SOCIETY 


Joint Managing Directors : 
Sir Harold Betlman, }.P., LL.D. R. Bruce Wycherley, “4.0., ¥.Q.1.8. 


LARGE RESOURCES AVAILABLE 
TO ASSIST HOME OWNERSHIP 


HEAD OFFICE: ABBEY HOUSE, BAKER ST., LONDON, N.W.|I 
Chief City Office: National House, Moorgate, E.C.2 


THE ARCHITECTS’ JOURNAL for May 25, [xxxiii 


VENTILATION 


Specify the Positive Flow Ventilator for all 
applications where Positive Extract or 
Input is required. The P.F. Ventilator is 
controlled by Push Button Starter and can 
be provided with Reversing Switches for 
changing the direction of air flow. Archi- 
tects are invited to write for Data Sheet 249A. 


POSITIVE FLOW 
VENTILATORS LTD. 


ASSOCIATED WITH DALLOW-LAMBERT & CO., LTD. 


SPALDING ST., LEICESTER - = Phone: 27832-3 
20 KINGSWAY, LONDON Phone: CHAncery 8325-6 


An extra room in the loft... 


INFORMATION SHEETS 


are available for the installation of 


LOFT LADDERS 


LADDERS LTD. 


BROADWAY WORKS, BROMLEY, KENT. RAVensbourne 2624 
YOU CANNOT AFFORD to waste the loft space in your 
post-war buildings. Sheets Nos. 199 and 201 show in detail how 
this space may be made accessible, both in new work and in 


conversions, and give particulars of construction, balancing units, 
trap doors, finish, erection and prices. 


TOMORROW'S WILL BE 


Today, our whole energy is devoted 
to the needsof war. But that does not 
prevent us from planning for the 
. era of Peace, when plastics will play 
aneven greater part. Cometous with 
your ideas and problems now be- 
cause Peace may come sooner than 
we expect. We will tell you whether 
and how plastics can help you. 


TODAY'S MARKET IS 


ARTID PLASTI 


+ Estate. Slough. Bucks 


Telepbooe SLOUGH 22255 


| 
| | 
NZ F 


xxxiv] THE ArcHirects’ JouRNAL for May 25, 1944 


TEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL ASSISTANT 
required for Architectural Section of Loca] Authority 
(Greater London Area). Salary may be up to £400 plus 
war bonus, according to qualifications and experience. 
Before any appointment is made the approval of the 
Ministry of Labour and National Service will be necessary. 
Box 617. 


SENIOR ARCHITECTURAL ASSISTANT required, 
capable of undertaking responsibility in the preparation 
of post-war plans for factory work, and in connection 
with work on prefabricated housing. Advertisers are 
an old-established, progressive firm in the north midlands 
willing to pay a good salary to the right man. The 
work to be undertaken is considered of national im- 
portance and covered accordingly. {Chartered 
Architects.] Box 643. 


ASSISTANT ARCHITECT required, temporary or 
permanent. Salary according to qualifications and 
experience. Apply in writing to Sir John Brown & A. E. 
Henson, 117, Sloane Street, London, S.W.1. 644 


ARCHITECTURAL GENERAL ASSISTANT 
required by chartered architect in Midlands county 
town—must be exempt from military service. Apply, 
stating age, salary and experience to Box 652. 


Architectural Appointments Wanted 

Architectural Assistants and Students seeking 
positions in Architects’ offices will be printed in 
‘© The Architects’ Journal”? free of charge until 
further notice. 


ASSISTANT, seven years’ experience domestic, 
commercial, industrial structures and prefabrication, is 
available immediately for professional firm, contractor, 
industrial concern or research organization. Salary 
about £6 6s. Box 305. 


SURVEYOR, BUILDING SURVEYOR, __IN- 
SPECTOR, Etc., with over 30 years’ varied experience, 
qualifications (theoretical and practical), in all branches 
of the profession,and building trades, seeks responsible 
position in Birmingham, or surrounding five counties ; 
with Local Authorities, or public bodies, etc. ; experience 
in public offices ; andincludes war damage, dilapidations, 
etc.; exempt military service, over military age. Box 


J 


ARCHITECTURAL STUDENT, having trained for 
2 years at Day School of Architecture and who wishes to 
obtain practical experience while continuing studies in 
Evening School desires position with progressive firm 
on essential work, preferably in London area. Box 307. 


MALE ARCHITECTURAL STUDENT, second year 
Liverpool school of Architecture, wants work of national 
importance in an architect’s office, London preferred, 
during summer vacation after July 8th. Box 308. 


ate of the Auto-Recorder System of Machine 
g we have had extensive experience a lay- 
outs to accommodate the new technique. e service of 
our Technical artment is available to any Architect 
Janning or modifying farm buildings for this purpose. 
rite in confidence to :—The Planning Dept., Gascoignes 
(Reading) Ltd., Gascoigne House, Berkeley Avenue, 
Reading. 603 


Other Appointments Vacant 
Four lines or under, 4s,; each additional line, 1s. 
ASSISTANT EDITOR wanted for Architectural 
Paper. Write, with full particulars of qualifications, 
salary required, &c., to Box 51. 


Other Appointments Wanted 


Four lines or under, 2s. 6d.; each additional line, 6d. 


HEATING AND VENTILATING ENGINEER, 
A.M.I.H.V.E., specialist in district supplies for hot water 
services and heating, is willing to act as “ consulting 
engineer,” free lance at the usual fees, etc., or paid post 
to private company or corporation desirous of, or at 
present financing undertakings for the supply, installa- 
tion and maintenance of engineering plant in the above 
connections en a large scale. Write in the first place to 
Box 628. 

LIFELONG STUDENT of and writer on architecture 
(B.A. and B.L.), seeks position of any kind connected 
with the profession pending taking examinations in 
practical side. Box 641. 


Miscellaneous 
Four lines or wnder, 4s.; each additional line, 1s. 


A. J. BINNS, LTD., specialists in the supply and fixing 
of all types of fencing, tubular guard rail, factory parti- 
tions and gates. 53, Great Marlborough Street, W.1. 
Gerrard 4223-4224-4225. 


WANTED. Complete set or part ARCHITECT’s JOURNAL 
Library of Planned Information Sheets. Bound or 
Unbound. Good price offered. Box 621." 


SPECIFICATIONS AND BILLS OF QUANTITIES, 
etc., expeditiously and accurately typed or duplicated. 
Translations and Facsimile, Typewriting. All work 
treated confidentially. Miss G. Saunders, Typewriting 
Bureau, 17, Dacre Street, Westminster, S.W.1. Tele- 
phone: Whitehall 2605 


MONOMAREK service. Permanent London address. 
Letters redirected immediately. Confidential. 5s. p.a. 
Royal Patronage. Key tags 3 for Is. 3d. Write BM) 
MONOSR, W.C.1. 44 


POST-WAR HOUSING. 
_ The Bournville Village Trust are preparing schemes 
for the erection of houses immediately after the war. 
Manufacturers and others who have developed systems 
for the rapid construction of permanent houses are 
invited to send full details to Secretary and Manager, 
Estate Office, Bournville, Birmingham, 30. 650 


1,000 TYPEWRITERS NEEDED. (£25 paid for 
Royal, Underwood, Remington, LC Smith, Smith 
Premier, Imperial machines up to 6 years old; £20, 
10 years; £10, 25 years. Others at current values. 
Collected cash. King’s Equipment Co., 26, Buchanan 
Buildings, Holborn, London, E.C.1. 651 


Four lines or under, 4s. ; each additional line, 1s. 
RADA. “7 T.P. INST. EXAMS. Private Courses 
of tuition by correspondence ed by Mr. L. Stuart 

M.T.P.I. Tutor 


Stanley, M.A., F.R St. Catherine’ 
College, Cambridge. 231 


R.LB.A. QUALIFYING EXAMINATIONS 
Mr. C. W. Box, F.R.1.B.A., M.R.San.I. 
Courses by Correspondence and Personal in Studio. 
115, Gower St., London, W.C.1. 
Telephone: Euston 3305 and 3906. 


Established over 100 years. 


J,W. GRAY &SON LTD, 


“FRANKLIN HOUSE,” 37 RED LION ST., 
HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.!. 


Phone: CHANCERY 8701 (2 lines). 


LIGHTNING 
CONDUCTORS 


Manufacturers and Erectors 


SOUND INSTRUCTION 
by Postal Method 


is offered by the world’s largest and 
greatest correspondence school in the 
following subjects : 


Architecture 
Architectural Drawing 

and Designing 
Building Contracting 
Building Construction 

and Interior Work 

Building Construction 

and Quantities 
Building Specifications 

and Quantities 
Quantity Surveying 
Structural Steelwork 
Civil Engineering 


Surveying and Mapping 


Structural Engineering 
Concrete Engineering 
Structural Drawing 
Construction Draughts- 


m 
Sanitary Engineering 
Air Conditioning 
Heating and Ventilation 


Special Courses for the Diplomas 
of the R.I.B.A., I.0.B., C.S.I. Inst.C.E., 
Inst.M. & Cy.E., Inst.Struct.E., R.S.I, 
Inst.S.E., Town Planning Inst., etc. 

Special Terms for members of H.M. Forces. 


Write to-day for Syllabus of our Ceurses 
in any of the subjects mentioned above 


INTERNATIONAL 


CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS, LTB 
Dept. I41, International Buildings 


KINGSWAY, LONDON, W.C.2 


ESTD. 1837 


SPRING STEEL, MILD STEEL 
& NON-FERROUS METAL 


PRESSINGS 


M. MYERS & SON LTD. 
VICARAGE ST. . OLDBURY . WORCS. 


To be published shortly 
SPECIFICATION 


1944 


Edited by F. R. S. Yorke, F.R.I.B.A. 


Price [5s. 


Postage 9d. (Abroad Is. 6d.) 


THE ARCHITECTURAL PRESS 
45 The Avenue -« 


Cheam Surrey 


SHARP 


Telegrams : 
“JOINERY BURTON-ON-TRENT 


JOINERY FOR AGRICULTURAL COTTAGES 


BROS. & 


KNIGHT, LTD. 
BURTON-ON-TRENT 


: Telephone: 
BURTON-ON-TRENT 3350 (4 lines) 


Educational Announcements 


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